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*"Flash flooding" is less common, but can occur when extreme rainfall occurs throughout the watershed.
*"Flash flooding" is less common, but can occur when extreme rainfall occurs throughout the watershed.
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+
+==Strategies==
+Effective flood mitigation strategies include both grey infrastructure (traditional engineered solutions) and green infrastructure (nature-based solutions).
+===Grey (traditional) Infrastructure Solutions===
+*Detention Ponds & Stormwater Basins: Store excess runoff and release it gradually.
+*Underground Stormwater Storage: Prevents sewer overflows.
+*Levees & Floodwalls: Protect against riverine and coastal flooding.
+===Green Infrastructure & LID Solutions===
+{|class="wikitable"
+|-
+!style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|LID Practice
+!style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Flood Mitigation
+|
+![[Bioretention]]
+|Reduces peak stormwater flow and increases infiltration.|
+|-
+![[Permeable Pavement]]
+|Allows water to seep into the ground, reducing runoff.|
+|-
+![[Green Roofs]]
+|Absorb rainfall and delays runoff into drainage systems.|
+|-
+![[Riparian Buffers]]
+|Protects streambanks and reduces erosion.|
+|-
+![[Constructed Wetlands]]
+|Retains and filters stormwater while providing habitat.|
+|}
+
+===Hybrid Approaches===
+Combining green and grey infrastructure enhances flood resilience. Examples include:
+* Stormwater tunnels + LID: Large-scale storage integrated with distributed bioretention.
+* Green streets with subsurface storage: Maximises infiltration while providing underground detention.
+
+