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*"Flash flooding" is less common, but can occur when extreme rainfall occurs throughout the watershed.
*"Flash flooding" is less common, but can occur when extreme rainfall occurs throughout the watershed.
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==Strategies==
Effective flood mitigation strategies include both grey infrastructure (traditional engineered solutions) and green infrastructure (nature-based solutions).
===Grey (traditional) Infrastructure Solutions===
*Detention Ponds & Stormwater Basins: Store excess runoff and release it gradually.
*Underground Stormwater Storage: Prevents sewer overflows.
*Levees & Floodwalls: Protect against riverine and coastal flooding.
===Green Infrastructure & LID Solutions===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|LID Practice
!style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Flood Mitigation
|
![[Bioretention]]
|Reduces peak stormwater flow and increases infiltration.|
|-
![[Permeable Pavement]]
|Allows water to seep into the ground, reducing runoff.|
|-
![[Green Roofs]]
|Absorb rainfall and delays runoff into drainage systems.|
|-
![[Riparian Buffers]]
|Protects streambanks and reduces erosion.|
|-
![[Constructed Wetlands]]
|Retains and filters stormwater while providing habitat.|
|}
===Hybrid Approaches===
Combining green and grey infrastructure enhances flood resilience. Examples include:
* Stormwater tunnels + LID: Large-scale storage integrated with distributed bioretention.
* Green streets with subsurface storage: Maximises infiltration while providing underground detention.