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Stone or gravel can serve as a low maintenance decorative feature, but it may also serve many practical functions on the surface of an LID practice.
Stone or gravel can serve as a low maintenance decorative feature, but it may also serve many practical functions on the surface of an LID practice.
===Stone for erosion control===
===Stone for erosion control===
Aggregates used to line [[swales]] or otherwise dissipate energy (e.g. in [[forebays]]) should have high angularity to increase the permissible shear stress applied by the flow of water. <ref>Roger T. Kilgore and George K. Cotton, (2005) Design of Roadside Channels with Flexible Linings Hydraulic Engineering Circular Number 15, Third Edition https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/05114/05114.pdf</ref> However, in some surface landscaped applications there may be a desire to use a rounded aggregate such as 'river rock' for aesthetic reasons. Rounded stones should be of sufficient size to resist being moved by the flow of water. Typical stone for this purpose ranges between 50 mm and 250 mm. The larger the stone, the more energy dissipation.
Aggregates used to line [[swales]] or otherwise dissipate energy (e.g. in [[forebays]]) should have high angularity to increase the permissible shear stress applied by the flow of water. <ref>Roger T. Kilgore and George K. Cotton, (2005) Design of Roadside Channels with Flexible Linings Hydraulic Engineering Circular Number 15, Third Edition https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/05114/05114.pdf</ref> However, in some surface landscaped applications there may be a desire to use a rounded aggregate such as 'river rock' for aesthetic reasons. Rounded stones should be of sufficient size to resist being moved by the flow of water. Typical stone for this purpose ranges between 50 mm and 250 mm in diameter. The larger the stone, the more energy dissipation.
*Stone beds should be twice as thick as the largest stone's diameter.
*Stone beds should be twice as thick as the largest stone's diameter.
*If the stone bed is underlain by a drainage [[Geotextiles|geotextile]], regular inspection and possible replacement should be scheduled as there is a potential for [[clogging]] of this layer to occur.
*If the stone bed is underlain by a drainage [[Geotextiles|geotextile]], annual inspection and possible replacement should be performed as there is a potential for [[clogging]] of this layer to occur.
{{:Stone: Gallery}}
{{:Stone: Gallery}}