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| In a [[bioretention]] facility, after the rooting depth of the plants has been accommodated, the reservoir gravel layer can be increased for storage. Reservoir aggregate has a void ratio of 0.4, whilst most bioretention [[filter media]] may have a void ratio of 0.3 or lower. | | In a [[bioretention]] facility, after the rooting depth of the plants has been accommodated, the reservoir gravel layer can be increased for storage. Reservoir aggregate has a void ratio of 0.4, whilst most bioretention [[filter media]] may have a void ratio of 0.3 or lower. |
| In some cases where the underdrain layer has sufficient depth to accommodate it, a larger bore perforated pipe (e.g. ≥ 300 mm) may be used to add further storage capacity. Ultimately this idea may result in the use of [[infiltration chambers]] to create significant reservoir storage beneath a planted area. Be sure to check with manufacturers about the compatibility of their systems with [[trees]]. | | In some cases where the underdrain layer has sufficient depth to accommodate it, a larger bore perforated pipe (e.g. ≥ 300 mm) may be used to add further storage capacity. Ultimately this idea may result in the use of [[infiltration chambers]] to create significant reservoir storage beneath a planted area. Be sure to check with manufacturers about the compatibility of their systems with [[trees]]. |
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− | ===Spacing drainage pipes to reduce groundwater mounding===
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− | [[File:Drain spacing.jpg|thumb|The yellow box represents the recommended hydraulic conductivity of bioretention filter media]]
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− | In most LID underdrain applications, lateral drains should be spaced between 5 - 6 m apart.
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− | This recommendation is supported by an analysis of Hooghoudt's equation <ref>H.P.Ritzema, 1994, Subsurface flow to drains. Chapter 8 in: H.P.Ritzema (ed.), Drainage Principles and Applications, Publ. 16, pp. 236-304, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-70754-33-9</ref><ref>W.H. van der Molen en J.Wesseling, 1991. A solution in closed form and a series solution to replace the tables for the thickness of the equivalent layer in Hooghoudt's drain spacing equation. Agricultural Water Management 19, pp.1-16</ref><ref>van Beers, W.F.J. 1976, COMPUTING DRAIN SPACINGS: A generalized method with special reference to sensitivity analysis
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− | and geo-hydrological investigations, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI) Wageningen, The Netherlands</ref> in relation to loamy or clayey native soils, where ''K<sub>media</sub>''>>''K<sub>soil</sub>'', finds the first term of the numerator negligible, so that the original equation:
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− | <math>Drain\ spacing=\sqrt{\frac{8K_{soil}H\left(D_{i}-D_{d}\right)\left(D_{d}-D_{w}\right)+4K_{soil}\left(D_{d}-D_{w}\right)^{2}}{q}}</math>
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− | may be simplified to:
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− | <math>Drain\ spacing=\sqrt{\frac{4K_{media}\left(D_{d}-D_{w}\right)^{2}}{q}}</math>
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− | {{Plainlist|1=Where:
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− | *''K<sub>media</sub> is expressed in m/day
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− | *''D<sub>d</sub>'' is the depth to the drain pipe (m)
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− | *''D<sub>w</sub>'' is the minimum acceptable depth to the water table during infiltration event
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− | *''q'' is the inflow volume expressed as a depth over the entire surface (m)}}
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| ===Example=== | | ===Example=== |