Difference between revisions of "Enhanced grass swales"

Revision as of 15:09, 27 September 2017

This article is about installations designed to capture and convey surface runoff along a vegetated channel, whilst also promoting infiltration.
For underground conveyance which promotes infiltration, see Exfiltration trenches.
For conveyance along planted channels, on both surface and underground, see Bioswales.

Overview[edit]

The fundamental components of an enhanced grassed swale are:

Graded channel
Resilient turf grass
Check dams, to facilitate short term ponding

Additional components may include:

Amended soil, to increase infiltration to soils below
Impermeable membrane, to prevent infiltration to soils below
Turf reinforcement, to prevent scour

Planning considerations[edit]

Best X-section

Both sections a)triangular and, b)trapezoidal, are constrained within ratios of 8:1 H:V

Enhanced swales aim to both reduce the flow rate and retain a portion of the conveyed water. For these purposes the best X-section is that which maximizes the wetted perimeter. The trapzoidal channel has the marginally greater hydraulic radius, but also the greater area.

Triangle (a), wetted perimeter at full bank depth = 8.25 (unitless)
Trapezoidal (b), wetted perimeter at full bank depth = 8.32 (unitless)

Where the X-section areas are set equal (to demonstrate equivalent flow), the depth of water in the example trapzoidal channel is 4/5 that of the triangular.

Check dams[edit]

Check dams are small dams or weirs constructed across a drainage ditch, swale, or channel to lower the speed of concentrated flows for a certain design range of storm events and to promote infiltration.

Check dams:

may be constructed of any resilient and waterproof material, including: rock gabions, earth berms, coarse aggregate or rip-rap, concrete or metal. Stone used in check dams should have minimum median diameter 25 - 75 mm.
for enhanced swales may be up to 0.6 m in height; the maximum design depth of ponded water should be ≤ 0.6 m.
designed for higher flow velocities should have spillways incorporated into their profile, to direct water to the centre of the swale.
are usually installed between 10 - 20 m along the swale. The spacing of dams should not exceed the horizontal distance from the toe of the upstream dam to the same elevation on the downstream dam.
should have energy dissipation and erosion control measures installed in the 1 - 2 m downstream. Examples include large aggregate or turf reinforcement

Sizing and spacing of check dams[edit]

Check dams are a feature of enhanced grass swales. They promote infiltration and evaporation by promoting limited ponding. To design check dams into a swale:

The height of each dam is determined by the depth of ponded water that will infiltrate in a specified period (often 48 - 72 hours). The infiltration may be through the turf grass or other plants directly into the native soil or some soil amendments may be proposed in the design.
The gradient between the top of the lower check dam and the bottom of the upper one is called "compensation gradient" which is the future or final effective gradient of the swale. It is formed when material carried by flowing water fills the check dams to spillway level.
Dams are usually installed between 10-20 m along the swale. The spaces between check dams can be determined according to the compensation gradient and the effective height of the dams. They are distributed such that the crest of each dam is at approximately the same elevation as the toe of the upstream dam. If the slope along the swale varies, so should the distance between the dams.
The compensation gradient of enhanced swales must be < 1 % (0.5 % preferred).

The objective of these design recommendations are to maximize the distribution of ponded water along the whole BMP. Detailed design may require iteration of the dam heights and distances along each section of a long swale.

To estimate the depth of water that can be infiltrated into a surface within a given time:

$y=f'\times t$

Where:

y = the depth of ponded water in mm,
f' = the design infiltration rate in mm/hr (after correction, where required).
t = time in hrs

After surveying the longitudinal profile of the swale, the number of check dams for the swale can be calculated by using the following equation:

$Number\ of\ dams={\frac {L\left(S_{i}-S_{e}\right)}{h}}$

Where:

L: Length of swale (m)
S_i: Initial existing slope ratio of the swale (rise/run)
S_e: Desired effective slope of the enhanced swale (between 0.005 - 0.01, rise/run)
h: The average effective height of the check dams in m (excluding foundations)(suggest you use y, calculated above)

The first check dam should be constructed on a stable point in the gully such as a rock outcrop, the junction point of the gully to a road, the main stream or river, lake or reservoir.
If there is no such stable point, a counter-dam must be constructed. The distance between the first dam and the counter-dam must be at least two times the effective height of the first check dam.
The points where the ensuing check dams are to be built are determined according to the compensation gradient and the effective height of the check dams.
The effective height of the second check dam is determined by taking into account the depth of the swale, the depth of the spillway and the maximum height of the check dam.
In this way, all the other proposed check dam points can be calculated.

When spacing check dams, give preference to the narrowest parts of the swale in order to reduce construction costs. In this case, to establish the compensation gradient between the proposed check dams, proportionately increase the foundation depth of the upper check dam when the space between the lower and upper check dam is extended. When the space is shortened, decrease the foundation depth. As the foundation depth is increased, the total height of the check dam (effective height plus foundation depth) should not exceed the permissible, maximum total height.

Example Calculation[edit]

An enhanced swale of 42 m has an existing longitudinal slope of 6 %. The underlying soil has been amended to infiltrate at 16 mm/hr (after safety correction applied); the regulatory authority requires that ponded water must not remain for over 48 hours. The maximum height of the check dams (h) to prevent extended ponding is:: $h=16\ mm/hr\times 48\ hrs=768\ mm$

But the maximum recommended depth of check dams is 0.6 m (600 mm).

(As an aside, these will drain in ${\frac {600\ mm}{16\ mm/hr}}=37.5\ hrs$ )

The current vertical distance along the swale is:: $42\ m\times \left({\frac {6}{100}}\right)=2.52\ m$

The desired effective slope to slow flow is 0.5%. The vertical distance along the swale with compensation gradient is:: $42\ m\times \left({\frac {0.5}{100}}\right)=0.21\ m$

The number of check dams required is:: ${\frac {\left(2.52\ m\times 0.21\ m\right)}{0.6\ m}}=3.85$

This is rounded up to 4 dams, creating 5 ponding zones::

${\frac {42\ m}{5}}=8.4\ m$

So the four check dams will be 0.6 m high and spaced every 8.4 m along the swale. These are fairly close together, but this construction is achievable and the dimensions are not remarkable, given the change in gradient is an order of magnitude.

Design[edit]

Swales should be designed to meet the following criteria:

Minimum residence time of 5 minutes.
Maximum flow velocity 0.3 m/s
Bottom width between 0.6 - 2.4 m
Minimum length 30 m

Slope variations
< 2 %	Use underdrain to distribute water for infiltration
2 - 5 %	Design swale for surface flow, consider check dams
5 %	Check dams required to reduce effective slope to 2 – 3 %

Maximum depth of flow

50% height of grass for regularly mown swales, to maximum of 75 mm.
33% height of vegetation for infrequently mown swales.

Modeling

Swale element in TTT menu

Weir elements may be incorporated as check dams for detailed design

It is recommended that grass and enhanced grass swales be modelled using the 'Swale' element in the TTT. A 'swale' has to connect two existing elements within the TTT Bioswales or dry swales, which have amended filter media, should be modelled as bioretention cells. The alternative is to use the 'enhanced swale' within the LID toolbox, but this incorporates fewer design parameters (and doesn't account for infiltration).

A 'swale' as a conveyance element in the TTT (key parameters)
General Info
Upstream Node	Name of node on the inlet end of the swale (higher elevation)
Downstream Node	Name of node on the outlet end of the swale (lower elevation)
Manning's Roughness	Lower numbers indicate less surface obstruction and result in faster flow. Suggested range for mown grass (dependent on density) 0.03 – 0.06 ^[1]
Upstream Invert (m)	Depth of swale invert above node invert at inlet end of the swale
Downstream Invert (m)	Depth or elevation of the swale invert above the node invert at the outlet end of the swale
Cross section
Maximum Depth (m)	Depth of the swale
Bottom Width (m)	Bottom width of the trapezoidal swale For a triangular channel, enter 0
Left Side Slope (m/m)	Left side slope (run/rise). Suggested value of 3 or 4 if design permits.
Right Side Slope (m/m)	Right side slope (run/rise). Suggested value of 3 or 4 if design permits.
Seepage (mm/hour)	Infiltration rate of native (or amended) soil

Parameters for 'enhanced swales' in the LID toolbox of the TTT
Surface
Berm height (mm)	This is the height of the curb which constrains the overland sheet flow of water. Where the bottom of the slope discharges directly into another LID facility without impedance, the value is 0.
Surface roughness (Manning’s n)	Lower numbers indicate less surface obstruction and result in faster flow. Suggested range for mown grass (dependent on density) 0.03 – 0.06 ^[1]
Surface slope (%)	If the slope > 3%, use Check dams to create temporary ponding, increase infiltration, and slow flow to reduce erosion.
Swale side slopes (run/rise)	Suggested value of 3 or 4 if design permits.

Materials

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. Dept. of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering.; Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati ONRMRL. Storm Water Management Model Reference Manual Volume I Hydrology (Revised). 2016:233.https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100NYRA.txt Accessed August 23, 2017.

[SWMM-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. Dept. of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering.; Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati ONRMRL. Storm Water Management Model Reference Manual Volume I Hydrology (Revised). 2016:233.https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100NYRA.txt Accessed August 23, 2017.

[1]

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 <h3>Best X-section</h3>
 [[File:Best X-section.png|thumb|Both sections a)triangular and, b)trapezoidal, are constrained within ratios of 8:1 H:V]]
 Enhanced swales aim to both reduce the flow rate and retain a portion of the conveyed water. For these purposes the best X-section is that which maximizes the wetted perimeter. The trapzoidal channel has the marginally greater hydraulic radius, but also the greater area.
-{|class="wikitable"
-|+ Examples worked without units, using the ratios given
+* Triangle (a), wetted perimeter at full bank depth = 8.25 (unitless)
-|-
+* Trapezoidal (b), wetted perimeter at full bank depth = 8.32 (unitless)
-!Section
-!Wetted perimeter
-!Area
-}
+Where the X-section areas are set equal (to demonstrate equivalent flow), the depth of water in the example trapzoidal channel is 4/5 that of the triangular.
 ===Check dams===