Difference between revisions of "User talk:DanielFilippi"

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== For Infiltration Trench ==
 
  
 
<imagemap>
 
<imagemap>
Image:Kortright trench.PNG|thumb|500 px|This infiltration trench features an inlet composed of [[geotextile| filter fabric]] and decorative [[stone| river stone]], which provides some [[pretreatment]] and can easily be removed and replaced as part of routine sediment removal maintenance. For more details click [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2016/08/BioVSTrench_TechBrief__July2015.pdf here.]
+
File:SWTT Struct Pan High Perm Final crop.png|thumb|500 px|'''A Stormwater tree trench with structural concrete panels and soil cells.''' A structural concrete panel configuration is an alternative to modular soil support systems that uses a “bridge deck” over bioretention/growing media that extends into the pedestrian clearway, and is supported on each side by concrete supports and compacted granular material. The benefits to this configuration is increased infiltration due to the extra provided modular support, therefore no compaction of the underlying drainage material is required. <span style="color:red">'''''Note:''' The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.''</span>
 
 
rect 108 637 312 683 [[Topsoil|Soil]]
 
rect 354 480 477 559 [[Curb Cuts|Concrete curb]]   
 
rect 480 468 752 557 [[Stone|River Rock]]
 
rect 708 689 948 750 [[Reservoir Aggregate|Clearstone]]
 
circle 970 772 15 [[Underdrains]]
 
rect 1128 666 792 589 [[Reservoir aggregate|Crushed Limestone]]
 
rect 760 484 867 555 [[Curb Cuts|Concrete curb]] 
 
rect 893 503 1123 577 [[OPSS aggregates|Well-graded granular A Material (OPSS 1010)]]
 
rect 373 562 476 612 [[Reservoir aggregate|Crushed Limestone]] 
 
rect 693 378 530 405 [[Geotextiles|Geotextile OPSS 1860 Approved Fabric]] 
 
rect 396 327 701 362 [[Choker layer|High performance bedding]] 
 
rect 454 293 740 326 [[Permeable Pavements]] 
 
</imagemap>
 
 
 
== For Downspout disconnection ==
 
 
 
<imagemap>
 
Image:Downspout disconnection.png|thumb|600 px|This schematic shows proper [[downspout disconnection]] of a building's downspout system with associated setback distances and items (weeping tile [[pipes]], [[gravel]], splash pad, etc. For more details click [https://www.iclr.org/wp-content/uploads/PDFS/protect-your-home-from-basement-flooding.pdf here.]<ref> The Institute For Catastrophic Loss Reduction. Protect your home from Basement flooding: Designed for safer living®. https://www.iclr.org/wp-content/uploads/PDFS/protect-your-home-from-basement-flooding.pdf. 2011. Accessed 3 September, 2021</ref>
 
 
 
rect 503 90 732 139 [[Downspout discussion|Downspout]]
 
rect 501 161 732 230 [[Downspout discussion|Downspout discussion]]
 
rect 819 217 1026 291 [[Forebays: Gallery |Splash Pad]]
 
rect 708 689 948 750 [[Reservoir Aggregate|Clearstone]]
 
rect 594 489 926 534 [[Absorbent landscapes|Native Soil]]
 
rect 13 302 321 386 [[Soil groups|Clay]]
 
rect 312 388 496 688 [[OPSS aggregates| OPSS Backfill Material]] 
 
poly 374 692 491 694 479 784 439 783 435 718 370 722 374 714 372 709 375 711 374 703 [[Aggregates|Coarse Gravel]]
 
circle 405 753 38 [[Pipes|Weeping Tile]] 
 
</imagemap>
 
 
 
==For Dry pond==
 
 
 
<imagemap>
 
Image:Dry pond.PNG|thumb|600 px|The following image showcases an illustrates an extended detention dry pond. For more details click [https://dr6j45jk9xcmk.cloudfront.net/documents/1757/195-stormwater-planning-and-design-en.pdf here.]<ref> Ministry of the Environment. Stormwater Management Planning and Design Manual. https://dr6j45jk9xcmk.cloudfront.net/documents/1757/195-stormwater-planning-and-design-en.pdf. 2003. Accessed 3 September, 2021</ref>
 
 
 
rect 74 219 409 265 [[Pretreatment features| Sediment Forebays]]
 
rect 1386 91 1235 162 [[Flow Control| Outlet]]
 
rect 433 99 764 184 [[Vegetated Filter Strips| Vegetated filter strips]]
 
rect 66 553 264 656 [[Inlets| Inlets]]
 
rect 693 244 879 309 [[Berms| Berms]]
 
 
 
</imagemap>
 
 
 
==For Bioretention==
 
 
 
<imagemap>
 
Image:Bioretention Labeled low quality.PNG|thumb|600 px|This joint schematic with both Plan and Longitudinal Section views shows what a general biortention cell/system in a parking lot could look like.
 
 
 
rect 32 2 193 39 [[Infiltration trench| Infiltration Trench]]
 
rect 42 50 146 88 [[Curb cuts| Curb Cuts]]
 
rect 349 324 455 370 [[Curb cuts| Curb Cuts]]
 
rect 342 186 487 230 [[Infiltration trench| Infiltration Trench]]
 
rect 386 61 457 103 [[Trees| Trees]]
 
rect 87 96 187 138 [[Overflow| Overflow]]
 
rect 365 132 476 177 [[Plant lists| Vegetation]]
 
rect 65 234 146 284 [[Trees| Trees]]
 
rect 386 384 464 428 [[Trees| Trees]]
 
rect 18 559 133 609 [[Plant lists| Vegetation]]
 
rect 60 611 145 652 [[Overflow| Overflow]]
 
rect 0 628 58 674 [[Pipes| Overflow Pipe]]
 
rect 63 712 163 751 [[Curb cuts| Curb Cuts]]
 
rect 0 759 165 816 [[Reservoir aggregate| Clear Stone / Reservoir Aggregate]]
 
rect 386 714 501 747 [[Bioretention: Filter media| Filter Media]]
 
rect 372 750 500 786 [[Choker layer| Choker Layer]]
 
rect 347 788 454 816 [[Underdrain| Underdrain]]
 
 
 
</imagemap>
 
 
 
==For Bioswales==
 
 
 
<imagemap>
 
Image:Bioswale labeled low.png|thumb|600 px|The image above shows a schematic for a standard bioswale with a graded channel, native grasses/vegetation plantings to control erosive flows, filter media, to permit infiltration into the facility, along with optional check dams to facilitate short term ponding.
 
 
 
rect 17 42 113 95 [[Grasses| Grasses]]
 
rect 878 136 988 198 [[Grasses| Grasses]]
 
rect 143 65 292 118 [[Check dams| Check Dam]]
 
rect 580 140 713 192 [[Check dams| Check Dam]]
 
rect 379 12 651 70 [[Stone| River Rock / Beach Stone]]
 
rect 429 91 575 147 [[Plant lists| Vegetation]]
 
rect 398 301 599 374 [[Filter Media| Filter Media]]
 
rect 334 371 447 427 [[Aggregates| Gravel]]
 
rect 560 491 819 574 [[Soil groups| Native Existing Soil]]
 
 
 
</imagemap>
 
 
 
==For Enhanced Swales==
 
 
 
<imagemap>
 
Image:Enhanced Swale Labeled.PNG|thumb|600 px|The longitudinal schematic above shows a standard enhanced swale with amended soil, resilient turf grasses, filter media and optional check dams with a flow concentrating cutout to facilitate short term ponding and maximize infiltration capacity for this BMP installation.  
 
 
 
rect 28 330 187 453 [[Absorbent landscapes| Amended Soil]]
 
rect 407 427 760 494 [[Soil groups| Native / Existing Soil]]
 
rect 411 42 744 123 [[Turf| Resilient Turf Grasses]]
 
rect 1030 75 1250 166 [[Check dams| Check Dam]]
 
rect 911 353 1122 424 [[Bioretention: Filter media| Filter Media]]
 
rect 1148 411 1318 490 [[Overflow| Flow Concentrating Cutout]]
 
 
 
</imagemap>
 
 
 
==For Exfiltration Trenches==
 
 
 
<imagemap>
 
Image:Exfiltration Trench labeled.gif|417 × 194 pixels|
 
 
 
rect 43 6 100 31 [[Inlets| Inlet]]
 
rect 366 7 416 37 [[Inlets| Inlet]]
 
rect 59 33 131 57 [[Exfiltration: Gallery| Manhole]]
 
rect 273 26 350 61 [[Exfiltration: Gallery| Manhole]] 
 
poly 64 74 155 71 266 77 344 78 344 106 62 94 [[Overflow| Overflow Pipe]]
 
poly 65 114 162 121 166 105 201 107 234 107 245 123 340 131 342 143 200 135 66 131 [[Underdrains| Underdrain]]
 
rect 142 140 277 161 [[Reservoir aggregate| Gravel / Clear Stone]]
 
  
 +
rect 1632 3032 1696 3394 [[Overflow|Overflow to Underdrain]]
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rect 1631 3392 1700 3461 [[Underdrain]]
 +
rect 1636 3463 1691 3632 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Water Storage Depth]]
 +
rect 1261 3632 1638 3694 [[Soil groups|Uncompacted Subgrade Soil]]
 +
rect 823 3636 1265 3694 [[Soil groups|Compacted Subgrade Soil]]
 +
rect 1640 3636 2056 3694 [[Soil groups|Compacted Subgrade Soil]]
 +
rect 1260 3036 1292 3540 [[Wells|Monitoring Well]]
 +
rect 1265 3541 1289 3636 [[Digital technologies|Water Level Sensor]]
 +
rect 821 3532 1172 3634 [[Aggregates|Aggregate]]
 +
rect 2054 3636 1723 3534 [[Aggregates|Aggregate]]
 +
rect 821 3489 1116 3534 [[Choker layer]]
 +
rect 1785 3492 2049 3540 [[Choker layer]]
 +
poly 2057 3503 2027 3121 1936 3090 2002 3152 2002 3461 1842 3454 1851 3134 1931 3092 1820 3120 1800 3492 1942 3494 1967 3490 2014 3489 2038 3496 [[Soil cells: Gallery|Soil Cells]]
 +
poly 852 3136 839 3494 1090 3490 1081 3461 1072 3139 990 3092 1040 3149 1043 3458 889 3460 881 3138 1012 3110 921 3094 [[Soil cells: Gallery|Soil Cells]]
 +
rect 1172 3038 1223 3163 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Cleanout Access]]
 +
rect 1860 3027 1913 3167 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Cleanout Access]]
 +
rect 1907 3121 723 3167 [[Pipes|Stormwater Distribution Pipe]]
 +
rect 654 3065 708 3114 [[Overflow|Outlet Distribution Pipe to Storm Sewer]]
 +
poly 832 3490 839 3079 1147 3074 852 3079 830 3267 [[Geotextile|Geotextile Liner]]
 +
poly 2051 3123 2047 3074 1756 3074 2049 3085 2051 3490 [[Geotextile| Geotextile Liner]]
 +
rect 854 3079 1080 3119 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Concrete Footing]]
 +
rect 1800 3078 2058 3112 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Concrete Footing]]
 +
rect 1751 3023 2056 3074 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Structural Concrete Panel]]
 +
rect 849 3023 1156 3081 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Structural Concrete Panel]]
 +
rect 1161 3045 1751 3076 [[Mulch]]
 +
rect 639 3025 774 3338 [[Pretreatment|Catch Basin]]
 +
rect 623 2813 758 2953 [[Pretreatment|Catch Basin]]
 +
rect 1152 3012 1329 3032 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]
 +
rect 1571 3014 1747 3030 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]
 +
rect 845 3081 2058 3636 [[Bioretention: Filter media|Filter Media]]
 +
rect 1054 1735 1818 2770 [[Trees:List|Trees]]
 +
rect 1149 582 1743 1142 [[Trees:List|Trees]]
 +
rect 1605 1273 1692 1350 [[Underdrain|Overflow to Underdrain]]
 +
rect 1258 1308 1301 1346 [[Wells|Monitoring Well]]
 +
rect 1158 1213 1227 1286 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Cleanout Access]]
 +
rect 1873 1211 1945 1282 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Cleanout Access]]
 +
rect 1154 547 1754 1370 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]
 +
rect 667 1197 803 1319 [[Pretreatment|Catch Basin]]
 
</imagemap>
 
</imagemap>
  
==References==
 
  
<imagemap>
 
File:Update Stormwater Tree Trench Structural Panel Soil Cell crop.png|thumb|500 px|A Stormwater tree trench with structural concrete panels and soil cells. A structural concrete panel configuration is an alternative to modular soil support systems that uses a “bridge deck” over bioretention/growing media that extends into the pedestrian clearway, and is supported on each side by concrete supports and compacted granular material. The benefits to this configuration is increased infiltration due to the extra provided modular support, therefore no compaction of the underlying drainage material is required. <span style="color:red">''A note: The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.''</span>
 
 
rect 1543 408 1647 510 [[Overflow]]
 
rect 1545 1102 1654 1209 [[Overflow]]
 
rect 1162 194 1568 563 [[Trees:List|Trees]]
 
rect 1186 855 1566 1267 [[Trees:List|Trees]]
 
rect 1005 1468 1754 2532 [[Trees:List|Trees]]
 
poly 841 102 841 671 1182 693 1393 674 1568 673 1659 686 1605 624 1452 609 1301 624 1143 619 1082 442 1106 369 1106 218 1113 175 1460 142 1504 108 1663 108 1482 106 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]
 
rect 1574 102 1661 475 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]
 
poly 840 757 846 1317 1159 1319 1097 1096 1125 939 1176 835 1271 831 1539 762 1480 758 1305 823 1435 826 1517 755 1328 757 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]
 
rect 1575 751 1670 1220 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]
 
rect 1472 2 1585 105 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Cleanout Access]]
 
rect 1463 652 1565 762 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Cleanout Access]]
 
rect 102 445 1204 530 [[Wells|Monitoring Well]]
 
rect 1119 1102 1206 1203 [[Wells|Monitoring Well]]
 
rect 650 122 808 292 [[Pretreatment|Catch Basin]]
 
rect 636 947 807 1112 [[Pretreatment|Catch Basin]]
 
rect 627 2686 696 2751 [[Overflow|Outlet Distribution Pipe to Storm Sewer]]
 
rect 1164 2657 1204 3241 [[Wells|Monitoring Well]]
 
rect 1173 3236 1202 3321 [[Digital technologies|Water Level Sensor]]
 
rect 658 2762 832 2813 [[Pipes|Stormwater Distribution Pipe]]
 
rect 1064 2769 1547 2824 [[Pipes|Stormwater Distribution Pipe]]
 
rect 1494 2642 1552 2769 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Cleanout Access]]
 
rect 618 2653 761 2686 [[Pretreatment|Catch Basin]]
 
rect 623 2813 758 2953 [[Pretreatment|Catch Basin]]
 
rect 830 2671 1324 2695 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]
 
rect 1149 2699 1576 2739 [[Mulch]]
 
poly 1696 3145 1714 2786 1788 2751 1930 2775 1930 2807 1772 2773 1741 3123 1933 3114 1948 3150 1932 3147 1902 3150 1868 3145 1806 3145 [[Soil cells: Gallery| Soil Cells]]
 
rect 1908 2807 1941 3118 [[Soil cells: Gallery| Soil Cells]]
 
poly 1030 2786 837 2798 924 2744 1041 2766 1071 2853 1064 2989 1062 3067 1075 3145 825 3150 828 3112 1026 3120 [[Soil cells: Gallery| Soil Cells]]
 
rect 834 2795 872 3116 [[Soil cells: Gallery| Soil Cells]]
 
poly 1717 2777 1759 2740 1873 2737 1928 2768 [[Geotextile]]
 
rect 1933 2773 1955 3143 [[Geotextile]]
 
poly 1062 2788 1010 2746 972 2739 894 2740 843 2778 [[Geotextile]]
 
rect 843 2802 823 3143 [[Geotextile]]
 
rect 828 2693 1148 2735 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Structural Concrete Panel]]
 
rect 1654 2690 1944 2733 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Structural Concrete Panel]]
 
rect 1574 2655 1647 3042 [[Overflow]]
 
rect 1576 3038 1647 3121 [[Underdrain]]
 
rect 1594 3141 1951 3192 [[Choker layer]]
 
rect 839 3150 1142 3194 [[Choker layer]]
 
rect 828 2737 1066 2762 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Concrete Footing]]
 
rect 1699 2735 1939 2768 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Concrete Footing]]
 
poly 821 3092 750 2822 819 2813 821 2918 [[Aggregates|Aggregate]]
 
poly 2046 2733 1951 2740 1959 3129 2048 2849 [[Aggregates|Aggregate]]
 
poly 848 3192 882 3334 1276 3334 1910 3332 1944 3194 1596 3194 1521 3296 1224 3296 1137 3198 [[Reservoir aggregate]]
 
rect 868 2735 1921 3294 [[Bioretention: Filter media|Filter Media]]
 
poly 759 2900 752 3410 905 3410 2049 3408 2051 2871 1946 3205 1908 3336 886 3332 [[Soil groups|Subgrade Compacted Soil]]
 
</imagemap>
 
  
 
{{TOClimit|2}}
 
{{TOClimit|2}}
 
==Overview==
 
==Overview==
Stormwater Tree Trenches are linear tree planting structures that feature supported impermeable or [[permeable pavements]] that promote healthy tree growth while also helping to manage runoff. They are often located behind the curb within the road right-of-way and consist of subsurface trenches filled with modular structures and growing medium, or structurally engineered soil medium, supporting an overlying sidewalk pavement. They improve tree health by providing access to soil, air and stormwater for irrigation, allowing them to survive longer in harsh urban conditions.  
+
Stormwater tree trenches are linear tree planting structures that feature supported impermeable or [[permeable pavements]] that promote healthy tree growth while also helping to manage runoff. They are often located behind the curb within the road right-of-way and consist of subsurface trenches filled with modular structures and growing medium, or structurally engineered soil medium, supporting an overlying sidewalk pavement. They improve tree health by providing access to soil, air and stormwater for irrigation, allowing them to survive longer in harsh urban conditions.  
  
 
They also provide road and walkway drainage, contribute to stormwater pollutant removal and decrease the volume of urban runoff entering local waterways. They feature trees, soil, stormwater inlet and outlet structures, distribution and drainage pipes, and may include soil support structures, structural soil medium or structural concrete panels (as seen in the image map to the right). The tree planting pits and adjacent supported sidewalk pavements provide more soil volume for tree growth and water retention.
 
They also provide road and walkway drainage, contribute to stormwater pollutant removal and decrease the volume of urban runoff entering local waterways. They feature trees, soil, stormwater inlet and outlet structures, distribution and drainage pipes, and may include soil support structures, structural soil medium or structural concrete panels (as seen in the image map to the right). The tree planting pits and adjacent supported sidewalk pavements provide more soil volume for tree growth and water retention.
Line 184: Line 58:
  
 
'''Stormwater tree trench installations include:'''
 
'''Stormwater tree trench installations include:'''
 +
* Overlying impermeable or [[permeable pavements]]
 
* Trees (tolerant to northern. urban conditions)
 
* Trees (tolerant to northern. urban conditions)
 
* Planting soil
 
* Planting soil
* Structural soil
+
* Modular soil support or "soil cell" structures (optional)
* Stormwater inlet and outlet structures,
+
* Structural soil (optional)
 +
* Structural concrete panels (optional)
 +
* Stormwater inlet and outlet structures  
 
* Distribution and drainage pipes
 
* Distribution and drainage pipes
* Mulch
+
* [[Choker layer]] (optional)
* Aggregate Base
+
* Geogrid and geotextile (optional)
* Choker layer
+
* [[Reservoir aggregate|Aggregate base]]
  
  
Line 201: Line 78:
  
 
'''Additional components may include:'''
 
'''Additional components may include:'''
* an underdrain system
+
* [[Bioretention: Internal water storage|Internal water storage]] layer
* various configurations of soil cell additions
+
* Distribution and [[underdrain]] pipe access and clean-out features
* geotextile fabric around soil cell structures
+
* [[Wells|Monitoring well]] screened within internal water storage layer
* impermeable geomembrane on sites where soil infiltration is not desired
+
* Root barriers in locations where tree rooting is not desired
* monitoring wells and clean-outs
 
* structural panels
 
* permeable pavers
 
  
 
==Planning considerations==
 
==Planning considerations==
Line 242: Line 116:
 
Designers should consult local utility design guidance for the horizontal and vertical clearances required.
 
Designers should consult local utility design guidance for the horizontal and vertical clearances required.
  
===Karst===
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===[[Karst]]===
 
Tree trenches designed to drain primarily by infiltration are unsuitable in areas of known or implied karst topography.
 
Tree trenches designed to drain primarily by infiltration are unsuitable in areas of known or implied karst topography.
  
Line 277: Line 151:
  
 
===Distribution and Underdrain pipes===
 
===Distribution and Underdrain pipes===
To maximize the quantity of growing or structural soil medium irrigated, distribution pipes should be installed flat, just below modular soil support tops or at the top of the structural soil media layer and in both tree pit and supported pavement portions of the trench.  Pipe perforations should be oriented to the sides and section ends should be sealed with a solid cap. To enhance runoff volume reduction underdrain pipes can be installed above the bottom of the trench and/or include flow control. Alternatively, the underdrain pipe may be installed on trench bottom and connected to a riser assembly in the outlet manhole. It is critical to include connections to outlet storm sewer pipes and multiple cleanout access points.
+
To maximize the quantity of growing or structural soil medium irrigated, distribution pipes should be installed flat, just below modular soil support tops or at the top of the structural soil media layer and in both tree pit and supported pavement portions of the trench.  Pipe perforations should be oriented to the sides and section ends should be sealed with a solid cap. To enhance runoff volume reduction underdrain pipes can be installed above the bottom of the trench and/or include flow control. Alternatively, the underdrain pipe may be installed on trench bottom and connected to a riser assembly in the outlet manhole. It is critical to include connections to outlet storm sewer pipes and multiple cleanout access points.  
 +
 
 +
===Variations of Stormwater Tree Trenches===
 +
 
 +
Below, find three alternate stormwater tree trench configurations, that differ based off of native subgrade soil permeability and associated infiltration rates, structural support systems used (modular soil cell systems vs. structural soil medium) and placement of the underdrain for the system based off of these factors. All the images below are partial image map drawings, which only feature interactive differing specifications with highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki tare not found in the image map at the top of the page, highlighting features of a Stormwater tree trench with structural concrete panels and soil cells.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<imagemap>
 +
File:SWTT Low Perm Soil Cells Final.png|thumb|left|450px|'''Tree trench with soil cells on low permeability subsoil''' - This tree trench configuration possess low permeability soil ([[Soil groups]] C or D), along with a clean-out stand pipe for the underdrain, which is placed lower in the feature to allow water to infiltrate into the system and remove contaminants from the road/sidewalk before being taken up by the tree or transported out of the feature and back into the storm sewer system. It also includes soil cells or 'modular soil support systems'. <span style="color:red">'''''Note''': The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.''</span>
 +
rect 951 3681 1591 3739 [[Soil groups|Uncompacted Subgrade Soil]]
 +
rect 1596 3684 1996 3737 [[Soil groups|Compacted Subgrade Soil]]
 +
rect 1605 3079 1983 3500 [[Soil cells: Gallery|Soil Cells]]
 +
</imagemap>
 +
 
 +
<imagemap>
 +
File:SWTT High Perm Soil Cells Final.png|thumb|right|450px|'''Tree trench with soil cells on high permeability subsoil''' - This tree trench configuration possess high permeability soil ([[Soil groups]] A or B) and possesses a stand pipe/clean-out for the underdrain, which is placed higher in the feature to allow for further infiltration into underlying native soil below. This configuration also includes a monitoring well to monitor water level in the feature below the aggregate line at the bottom of the feature. It also contains soil cells similar to the low permeability configuration. <span style="color:red">'''''Note''': The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.''</span>
 +
rect 1534 3458 1576 3737 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Water Storage Depth]]
 +
rect 951 3681 1591 3739 [[Soil groups|Uncompacted Subgrade Soil]]
 +
rect 1596 3684 1996 3737 [[Soil groups|Compacted Subgrade Soil]]
 +
rect 1605 3079 1983 3500 [[Soil cells: Gallery|Soil Cells]]
 +
rect 1070 3001 1122 3688 [[Wells|Monitoring Well]]
 +
</imagemap>
 +
 
 +
<imagemap>
 +
File:SWTT Struct Soil Med High Perm Final.png|thumb|center|450px|'''Tree Trench with structural soil medium on high permeability subsoil''' - This tree trench configuration possess high permeability soil, but instead of soil cells this tree trench contains a structural soil medium. Once water has percolated through the soil to the perforated underdrain it is then transported out of the feature and back into the storm sewer system. This configuration also includes a monitoring well below the aggregate line at the bottom of the feature. <span style="color:red">'''''Note''': The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.''</span>
 +
rect 1534 3458 1576 3737 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Water Storage Depth]]
 +
rect 951 3681 1591 3739 [[Soil groups|Uncompacted Subgrade Soil]]
 +
rect 1596 3684 1996 3737 [[Soil groups|Compacted Subgrade Soil]]
 +
rect 1070 3001 1122 3688 [[Wells|Monitoring Well]]
 +
rect 1605 3079 1983 3500 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Structural Soil Medium]]
 +
</imagemap>
  
  
Line 329: Line 233:
 
* Solid pipe from inlet structures should transition to perforated pipe once 300 mm inside the trench.   
 
* Solid pipe from inlet structures should transition to perforated pipe once 300 mm inside the trench.   
 
* Perforated pipe should be minimum 150 mm dia. rigid, smooth interior wall HDPE or PVC with perforations on sides, wrapped with geotextile sock, with capacity and perforation specifications confirmed by the designing Engineer based on hydraulic requirements.
 
* Perforated pipe should be minimum 150 mm dia. rigid, smooth interior wall HDPE or PVC with perforations on sides, wrapped with geotextile sock, with capacity and perforation specifications confirmed by the designing Engineer based on hydraulic requirements.
 
===Variations of Stormwater Tree Trenches===
 
 
[[File:Stormwater Tree Trench low permeability native subsoil with structural soil medium.png|thumb|left|450px|'''Tree Trench with Low Permeability Subsoil''' - This tree trench configuration possess low permeability soil ([[Soil groups]] C or D), along with a clean-out stand pipe for the underdrain, which is placed lower in the feature to allow water to infiltrate into the system and remove contaminants from the road/sidewalk before being taken up by the tree or transported out of the feature and back into the storm sewer system. It also contains structural soil, which is an engineered medium that can be compacted to support sidewalks, while also creating extra space for suitable tree root growth under paved surfaces. This space allows the tree to mature unimpeded and cuts down on replacement costs for tree removal and maintenance costs of the surrounding sidewalk and road.]]
 
 
[[File:Stormwater Tree Trench high permeability native subsoil with structural soil medium.png|thumb|right|450px|'''Tree Trench with High Permeability Subsoil''' - This tree trench configuration possess high permeability soil ([[Soil groups]] A or B), and as a result possesses a clean-out stand pipe/clean-out for the underdrain, which is placed higher in the feature as water will infiltrate through the system much quicker. This allows for further infiltration into the system into the underlying native soil below. Once water has percolated through the soil to the perforated underdrain it is then transported out of the feature and back into the storm sewer system. This configuration also includes a monitoring well to monitor water level in the feature below the aggregate line at the bottom of the feature. This feature contains structural soil, similar to the low permeability configuration.]]
 
 
[[File:Stormwater Tree Trench high permeability native subsoil with soil cells.png|thumb|center|450px|'''Tree Trench with High Permeability Subsoil, with Soil Cells''' - This tree trench configuration possess high permeability soil, similar to the configuration on the right, but instead of structural soil this tree trench contains soil cells or 'modular soil support systems'.  Soil cells are an alternative to structural soil media and are used adjacent to tree pits to provide room for tree roots to spread out under paved surfaces surrounding the tree trench. The growing media in soil cells typically has higher organic content than structural soils and with a looser structure and higher nutrient content of the soil, these support systems provide the most favourable environment for healthy tree growth in the urban setting.]]
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
==Inspection and Maintenance==
 
==Inspection and Maintenance==
Line 381: Line 273:
 
At right is a list of trees that are known to tolerate conditions in northern (Zone 3) urban stormwater tree trenches.
 
At right is a list of trees that are known to tolerate conditions in northern (Zone 3) urban stormwater tree trenches.
  
 +
===Species selection===
 +
For a detailed overview with in-depth information on species selection please visit our [[Plant lists]] wiki page and you can continue on to our further detailed tables showcasing how to develop planting plans that include selection of species for specific functions in several stormwater tree trenches and other LID practices.
  
 
+
*[[Trees: List]]
 
+
*[[Shrubs: List]]
 
+
*[[Perennials: List]]
 
+
*[[Graminoids: List]]
 
 
  
 
==Soil cells==
 
==Soil cells==
Line 393: Line 286:
 
*If the system is unlined it is hydraulically equivalent to a [[bioretention]] cell and provides similar water quality benefits.   
 
*If the system is unlined it is hydraulically equivalent to a [[bioretention]] cell and provides similar water quality benefits.   
 
*If the system is lined and underdrained it is hydraulically similar to a large [[stormwater planter]]. Depending on the design detail it may retain significant stormwater within the planting soil volume and will provide water quality benefits.   
 
*If the system is lined and underdrained it is hydraulically similar to a large [[stormwater planter]]. Depending on the design detail it may retain significant stormwater within the planting soil volume and will provide water quality benefits.   
 +
*Structures are designed to be filled with growing medium for tree rooting and support a vehicle loaded pavement up to and including AASHTO H-20 and Ontario Building Code standards for sidewalks.
 +
*Critical to modular soil support system design is that each structure or layer of structures be independent of all adjacent ones, such that one or multiple layers can be removed to facilitate future utility installation or repair.
  
===Inlets===
 
 
[[File:DepressedDrain_SoilCell.png|thumb|500px|A surface [[inlets|inlet]] configuration featuring a depressed drain routing water collected from the street to an enclosed area infiltrating water to soil cells underneath.]]
 
[[File:DepressedDrain_SoilCell.png|thumb|500px|A surface [[inlets|inlet]] configuration featuring a depressed drain routing water collected from the street to an enclosed area infiltrating water to soil cells underneath.]]
Multiple methods for distribution and conveyance of runoff into the system are recommended for redundancy and conservative designs.
 
Combinations may be made of:
 
*tree well flow,
 
*catchbasins and distribution pipes, and
 
*direct infiltration from permeable paving.
 
See also [[Inlets]] and [[pretreatment]]
 
 
===Species selection===
 
 
For a detailed overview with in-depth information on species selection please visit our [[Plant lists]] wiki page and you can continue on to our further detailed tables showcasing how to develop planting plans that include selection of species for specific functions in several stormwater tree trenches and other LID practices.
 
 
*[[Trees: List]]
 
*[[Shrubs: List]]
 
*[[Perennials: List]]
 
*[[Graminoids: List]]
 
 
===Planting pit sizing===
 
[[Bioretention: Sizing]]
 
  
 
===Underdrain===
 
===Underdrain===
Line 457: Line 333:
  
 
==Galleries==
 
==Galleries==
{{:Trees: Gallery}}
+
 
 
===Open tree pits===
 
===Open tree pits===
 
{{:Extended tree pits: Gallery}}
 
{{:Extended tree pits: Gallery}}
Line 476: Line 352:
 
*[https://www.storm-tree.com Storm-Tree]
 
*[https://www.storm-tree.com Storm-Tree]
  
----
+
==References==
 +
Also see references as direct web page links above.
 +
 
 
[[Category:Green infrastructure]]
 
[[Category:Green infrastructure]]

Latest revision as of 21:39, 9 March 2022

Overflow to UnderdrainUnderdrainWater Storage DepthUncompacted Subgrade SoilCompacted Subgrade SoilCompacted Subgrade SoilMonitoring WellWater Level SensorAggregateAggregateChoker layerChoker layerSoil CellsSoil CellsCleanout AccessCleanout AccessStormwater Distribution PipeOutlet Distribution Pipe to Storm SewerGeotextile LinerGeotextile LinerConcrete FootingConcrete FootingStructural Concrete PanelStructural Concrete PanelMulchCatch BasinCatch BasinTree GrateTree GrateFilter MediaTreesTreesOverflow to UnderdrainMonitoring WellCleanout AccessCleanout AccessTree GrateCatch Basin
A Stormwater tree trench with structural concrete panels and soil cells. A structural concrete panel configuration is an alternative to modular soil support systems that uses a “bridge deck” over bioretention/growing media that extends into the pedestrian clearway, and is supported on each side by concrete supports and compacted granular material. The benefits to this configuration is increased infiltration due to the extra provided modular support, therefore no compaction of the underlying drainage material is required. Note: The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.


Overview[edit]

Stormwater tree trenches are linear tree planting structures that feature supported impermeable or permeable pavements that promote healthy tree growth while also helping to manage runoff. They are often located behind the curb within the road right-of-way and consist of subsurface trenches filled with modular structures and growing medium, or structurally engineered soil medium, supporting an overlying sidewalk pavement. They improve tree health by providing access to soil, air and stormwater for irrigation, allowing them to survive longer in harsh urban conditions.

They also provide road and walkway drainage, contribute to stormwater pollutant removal and decrease the volume of urban runoff entering local waterways. They feature trees, soil, stormwater inlet and outlet structures, distribution and drainage pipes, and may include soil support structures, structural soil medium or structural concrete panels (as seen in the image map to the right). The tree planting pits and adjacent supported sidewalk pavements provide more soil volume for tree growth and water retention.


Take a look at the downloadable Stormwater Tree Trenches Fact Sheet below for a .pdf overview of this LID Best Management Practice:

Treetrench.png


Stormwater tree trench installations include:

  • Overlying impermeable or permeable pavements
  • Trees (tolerant to northern. urban conditions)
  • Planting soil
  • Modular soil support or "soil cell" structures (optional)
  • Structural soil (optional)
  • Structural concrete panels (optional)
  • Stormwater inlet and outlet structures
  • Distribution and drainage pipes
  • Choker layer (optional)
  • Geogrid and geotextile (optional)
  • Aggregate base


Stomwater tree trenches are ideal for:

  • Sites with limited space for other surface stormwater BMPs that also possess primarily impermeable coverage (i.e. a municipality's "right-of-way", which includes the edge between private/public property, roadways, sidewalks and utility service land use)
  • Areas with limited greenspace
  • Projects with high traffic loads (pedestrian and vehicular), laneways, pedestrian plazas and walkways


Additional components may include:

Planning considerations[edit]

A commonly held view is that a tree's root system will be similar to it's visible crown. For many trees, this is not the case, as roots will more often spread much more widely, but to a shallower depth [1]. For more detailed information on planning (site) considerations see Bioretention.

Site Topography[edit]

Contributing slopes should be between 1-5%. The bottom of the trench and distribution pipes should be graded flat to allow water to spread out.

Planting in slopes[edit]

Smooth slopes should be amended into localized terraces by the Landscape Architect when planting large trees into slopes > 5 %. [2]. Contributing slopes should be between 1-5%. The bottom of the trench and distribution pipes should be graded flat to allow water to spread out.

Wellhead Protection[edit]

Facilities receiving road or parking lot runoff should not be located within 2 year time-of-travel wellhead protection areas.

Water Table[edit]

Maintaining a separation of 1 m between the elevations of the bottom of the trench and the seasonally high water table, or top of bedrock, is recommended. Lesser or greater values may be considered based on groundwater mounding analysis. See STEP LID Planning and Design Guide for further guidance and spreadsheet tool.

Soil[edit]

Tree trenches can be constructed over any soil type, but hydrologic soil group A and B are best for achieving water balance objectives. Facilities designed to infiltrate water should be located on portions of the site with the highest infiltration rates. Native soil infiltration rate at the proposed location and depth should be confirmed through in-situ measurements of hydraulic conductivity under field saturated conditions.

Drainage Area[edit]

Typical contributing drainage areas are between 150-300 m2 per tree, with a maximum of 450 m2 per tree.

Setback from Buildings[edit]

Tree trenches should be set back from the building far enough to allow for the tree canopy to grow to a healthy, mature size, depending on the species selected. A minimum setback of 4 m from buildings is recommended.

Overhead Wires[edit]

Tree trenches should be implemented with caution under overhead wires. If overhead wires conflict with proposed tree trench locations, check the height of existing wires, and choose small form trees that will not grow tall enough to interfere with wires.

Pollution Hot Spot Runoff[edit]

Tree trenches receiving road or parking lot runoff are not recommended in these areas.

Proximity to Underground Utilities[edit]

Designers should consult local utility design guidance for the horizontal and vertical clearances required.

Karst[edit]

Tree trenches designed to drain primarily by infiltration are unsuitable in areas of known or implied karst topography.

Design[edit]

Geometry and Site Layout[edit]

Tree trenches are often modular systems connected hydrologically through sub-surface stormwater distribution and drainage pipes. Road runoff may be directed to the trench via curb cuts or depressed drains located at tree openings.

Inlets[edit]

Water can enter the tree trench in a variety of ways: from the overlying sidewalk via sheet flow or curb cuts into tree openings, trench drains or infiltration through permeable pavement; and from the road via distribution pipes connected to road or side inlet catch basins and curb cuts or depressed drains at tree openings. It is recommended that each tree trench have multiple inlets to keep the contributing drainage area relatively small, which provides redundancy to the system. Inlet structures and distribution pipes should be offset from tree root ball locations to avoid impact of de-icing salt laden runoff on newly planted trees during establishment.

Pre-Treatment[edit]

If water enters the trench via a catch basin, a removable pre-treatment device, like a Goss trap or proprietary catch basin insert device or filter should be included to help retain coarse sediment, debris and floatables and prevent it from entering the pipe or trench. Inlet structures should have a sump and curb cut inlets should include stone diaphragms or stone mulch to dissipate energy and spread flows. Pre-treatment features should be easy to access and clean.

A profile view of a cast in place catch basin with sump, along with an attached Goss trap, used to trap and limit the amount of floatable materials, debris oils, hydrocarbons, etc. from entering the municipality's storm sewer system. This pre-treatment device attaches to the catch basin's outflow pipe.[3] This image was sourced from the City of Toronto's Construction Specifications and Drawings for Sewers and Watermains. [4]

Soil Volume[edit]

Each tree planted should have access to a minimum 30 m3 of soil volume, including the growing medium within the tree pit and growing or structural soil medium below adjacent supported pavement. If more than one tree shares the same trench a minimum 20 m3 of soil per tree may be acceptable.

Modular Soil Support Systems[edit]

Modular soil support systems (also referred to as “soil cells”) consist of plastic or concrete structures, available in a variety of shapes and sizes, that provide structural support for the overlying pavement while providing uncompacted planting soil within the tree root zone. They are installed adjacent to tree pits to provide room for roots to spread out under the supported pavement portion of the trench. Growing medium backfill typically has higher organic matter content than structural soil medium. The looser structure and higher nutrient content of the growing medium provides the most favorable environment for healthy tree growth in an urban setting.

Structural Soil Medium[edit]

Structural soil is an engineered soil medium that can be compacted to support sidewalk or roadway pavement installation requirements while also permitting tree root growth. Structural soil medium filled trenches are installed adjacent to tree pits to provide room for tree roots to spread out under the supported pavement portion of the tree trench.

Structural Concrete Panels[edit]

Trenches where the overlying pavement consists of structural concrete panels supported on each side by concrete footings and rows of modular soil support structures installed on aggregate bases is another configuration. The benefit of this approach is that the native subgrade soil under the portions of the trench below tree pits and between rows of supports does not need to be highly compacted, allowing greater opportunity for drainage via infiltration (see image map within the 'Overview' section of this page).

Conveyance and Overflow[edit]

Runoff is directed from overlying and adjacent pavements to the trench through such means as tree openings, perforated distribution pipes connected to catchbasins or trench drains, or curb cuts and depressed drains to tree openings. Runoff water percolates through the growing or structural soil medium to the underlying native subgrade soil. When runoff volume exceeds the trench water storage capacity, the perforated underdrain pipe directs excess filtered water to a downstream outlet storm sewer or other practice. During intense storm events, runoff in excess of the infiltration capacity of the growing or structural soil medium will overflow to the storm sewer either through an outlet pipe connection in the catch basin or via surface overflow standpipes or structures within tree openings.

Configuration[edit]

Structural concrete panel and modular soil support system trench configurations should provide a better growing environment for trees, and thereby improve tree longevity. Structural soil medium and structural concrete panel trench configurations provide the benefits of being more adaptable to being fit around utilities or existing trees and provide easier access to utilities when repairs are needed.

Distribution and Underdrain pipes[edit]

To maximize the quantity of growing or structural soil medium irrigated, distribution pipes should be installed flat, just below modular soil support tops or at the top of the structural soil media layer and in both tree pit and supported pavement portions of the trench. Pipe perforations should be oriented to the sides and section ends should be sealed with a solid cap. To enhance runoff volume reduction underdrain pipes can be installed above the bottom of the trench and/or include flow control. Alternatively, the underdrain pipe may be installed on trench bottom and connected to a riser assembly in the outlet manhole. It is critical to include connections to outlet storm sewer pipes and multiple cleanout access points.

Variations of Stormwater Tree Trenches[edit]

Below, find three alternate stormwater tree trench configurations, that differ based off of native subgrade soil permeability and associated infiltration rates, structural support systems used (modular soil cell systems vs. structural soil medium) and placement of the underdrain for the system based off of these factors. All the images below are partial image map drawings, which only feature interactive differing specifications with highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki tare not found in the image map at the top of the page, highlighting features of a Stormwater tree trench with structural concrete panels and soil cells.


Uncompacted Subgrade SoilCompacted Subgrade SoilSoil Cells
Tree trench with soil cells on low permeability subsoil - This tree trench configuration possess low permeability soil (Soil groups C or D), along with a clean-out stand pipe for the underdrain, which is placed lower in the feature to allow water to infiltrate into the system and remove contaminants from the road/sidewalk before being taken up by the tree or transported out of the feature and back into the storm sewer system. It also includes soil cells or 'modular soil support systems'. Note: The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.
Water Storage DepthUncompacted Subgrade SoilCompacted Subgrade SoilSoil CellsMonitoring Well
Tree trench with soil cells on high permeability subsoil - This tree trench configuration possess high permeability soil (Soil groups A or B) and possesses a stand pipe/clean-out for the underdrain, which is placed higher in the feature to allow for further infiltration into underlying native soil below. This configuration also includes a monitoring well to monitor water level in the feature below the aggregate line at the bottom of the feature. It also contains soil cells similar to the low permeability configuration. Note: The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.
Water Storage DepthUncompacted Subgrade SoilCompacted Subgrade SoilMonitoring WellStructural Soil Medium
Tree Trench with structural soil medium on high permeability subsoil - This tree trench configuration possess high permeability soil, but instead of soil cells this tree trench contains a structural soil medium. Once water has percolated through the soil to the perforated underdrain it is then transported out of the feature and back into the storm sewer system. This configuration also includes a monitoring well below the aggregate line at the bottom of the feature. Note: The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.


Specifications for Stormwater Tree Trenches
Material Specification
Growing Medium
  • Should be Canadian Soil Classification System sandy loam with combined silt- and clay-sized content between 18-35%; and sand- to fine gravel-sized content (0.074 to 5 mm dia.) between 65-82%.
  • pH value (6.0 - 8.0).
  • Salt level < 2 mmhos/cm.
  • Percent organic matter shall be 3-5%, by dry weight.
  • Growing medium compacted to 80-90% below the tree root ball to prevent settling.
  • Bioretention filter media may be suitable for use as growing medium, depending on climate and tree species (see Bioretention: Filter media).
Modular Soil Support System
  • Structures are designed to be filled with growing medium for tree rooting and support a vehicle loaded pavement up to and including AASHTO H-20 and Ontario Building Code standards for sidewalks.
  • Critical to modular soil support system design is that each structure or layer of structures be independent of all adjacent ones, such that one or multiple layers can be removed to facilitate future utility installation or repair.
Structural Soil Medium
  • Structural soils are installed in the trench adjacent to tree planting pits under permeable or impermeable pavements.
  • Structural soils consist of 3 components, mixed in the following proportions by weight: crushed stone (79.07%), clay loam soil (20%), and hydrogel tackifier (0.03%).
  • Total moisture at mixing should be 10% as per AASHTO T-99 optimum moisture.
  • Crushed stone (granite or limestone) should be narrowly graded from 20 to 40 mm diameter, highly angular with no fines.
  • The clay loam soil should conform to the Canadian soil classification system (gravel <5%, sand 25-30%, silt 20-40%, clay 25-40%). Organic matter should range between 2 to 5% by dry weight.
  • The hydrogel, a potassium propenoate-propenamide copolymer, is added in a small amount to act as a tackifier, preventing separation of the stone and soil during mixing and installation.
  • Mixing can be done on a paved surface using front end loaders. Typically the stone is spread in a layer, the dry hydrogel is spread evenly on top and the screened moist clay loam soil is the top layer. Them entire pile is turned and mixed until a uniform blend is produced. The structural soil is then installed and compacted in 150 mm lifts.
Structural Concrete Panel
  • Structural concrete panel is 250 mm thick, contains rebar reinforcements and sits on equal-sized concrete footing supports on rows of modular soil support structures or structural soil medium, which are supported by a minimum 150 mm base of compacted granular material.
  • Decompact native subgrade soil under tree openings and between granular bases of modular soil support structure rows during installation for better infiltration drainage performance.
Aggregate Base
  • Aggregates are used in modular soil support systems below the structures as the trench base layer, and sometimes, on top of the structures, as the pavement base layer.
  • Specifications for aggregate base materials determined by the designing Engineer based on varying levels of structural loading and hydraulic requirements.
Geotextile & Geogrid
  • Geotextile, geogrid or combinations are typically used on top of modular soil support structures and along the sides of the trench to separate growing or structural soil mediums from native soil or aggregate backfill. Geotextile and geogrid should not be installed on sides adjacent to pervious landscaped areas to provide opportunities for tree roots to grow outside the trench in these locations.
  • Geotextile material specifications should conform to Ontario Provincial Standard Specification (OPSS) 1860 for Class II geotextile fabrics.
  • Geotextile, geogrid or combination products in contact with modular soil support system structures should be according to manufacturer’s specifications.
  • Geotextile installed on tree trench sides and around perforated distribution and underdrain pipes should be woven monofilament or non-woven needle punched fabrics. Woven slit film and non-woven heat bonded fabrics should not be used as they are prone to clogging.
  • Where a root barrier is needed to prevent the migration of roots out of the tree trench, use impermeable ribbed barrier material with a thickness of 1-2 mm.
Underdrain
  • Should be minimum 150 mm dia. perforated HDPE or equivalent material, smooth interior wall and continuously perforated with geotextile sock.
  • A solid standpipe connected to the underdrain pipe and extending to the growing medium or pavement surface can be used for inspection and maintenance access. The top of the standpipe should be covered with a sealable cap or plug and secured with a vandal-proof fastener.
Stormwater Distribution Pipe
  • Perforated pipe should be minimum 150 mm dia. rigid, smooth interior wall HDPE or PVC with perforations on sides, wrapped with geotextile sock, with capacity and perforation specifications confirmed by the designing Engineer based on hydraulic requirements.
  • Solid pipe from inlet structures should transition to perforated pipe once 300 mm inside the trench.

General Specifications[edit]

Growing Medium[edit]

  • Should be Canadian Soil Classification System sandy loam with combined silt- and clay-sized content between 18-35%; and sand- to fine gravel-sized content (0.074 to 5 mm dia.) between 65-82%.
  • Should have a pH value between 6.0 and 8.0.
  • Percent organic matter shall be 3-5%, by dry weight.
  • Soluble salt level shall be less than 2 mmhos/cm.
  • Growing medium should be compacted to 80-90% below the tree root ball to prevent settling.
  • Bioretention filter media (see Bioretention Fact Sheet) may be suitable for use as growing medium, depending on climate and tree species.

Modular Soil Support System[edit]

  • Structures are designed to be filled with growing medium for tree rooting and support a vehicle loaded pavement up to and including AASHTO H-20 and Ontario Building Code standards for sidewalks.
  • Critical to modular soil support system design is that each structure or layer of structures shall be structurally independent of all adjacent structures, such that one or multiple layers can be removed after the completion of the installation to facilitate future utility installation or repair.

Structural Soil Medium[edit]

  • Structural soils are installed in the trench adjacent to tree planting pits under permeable or impermeable pavements.
  • Structural soils consist of 3 components, mixed in the following proportions by weight: crushed stone (79.07%), clay loam soil (20%), and hydrogel tackifier (0.03%).
    • Crushed stone (granite or limestone) should be narrowly graded from 20 to 40 mm diameter, highly angular with no fines.
    • The clay loam soil should conform to the Canadian soil classification system (gravel <5%, sand 25-30%, silt 20-40%, clay 25-40%). Organic matter should range between 2 to5% by dry weight.
    • The hydrogel, a potassium propenoate-propenamide copolymer, is added in a small amount to act as a tackifier, preventing separation of the stone and soil during mixing and installation.
  • Total moisture at mixing should be 10% as per AASHTO T-99 optimum moisture.
  • Mixing can be done on a paved surface using front end loaders. Typically the stone is spread in a layer, the dry hydrogel is spread evenly on top and the screened moist clay loam soil is the top layer.
  • The entire pile is turned and mixed until a uniform blend is produced. The structural soil is then installed and compacted in 150 mm lifts.

Structural Concrete Panel[edit]

  • Structural concrete panel is 250 mm thick, contains rebar reinforcements and sits on equal-sized concrete footing supports on rows of modular soil support structures, which are supported by a minimum 150 mm base of compacted granular material.
  • Decompact native subgrade soil under tree openings and between granular bases of modular soil support structure rows during installation for better infiltration drainage performance.

Aggregate Base[edit]

  • Aggregates are used in modular soil support systems below the structures as the trench base layer, and in some cases, on top of the structures, as the pavement base layer.
  • Specifications for aggregate base materials and depths shall be determined by the designing Engineer based on structural loading and hydraulic requirements.

Geotextile and Geogrid[edit]

  • Geotextile, geogrid or combinations are typically used on top of modular soil support structures and along the sides of the trench to separate growing or structural soil mediums from native soil or aggregate backfill.

Geotextile and geogrid should not be installed on sides adjacent to pervious landscaped areas to provide opportunities for tree roots to grow outside the trench in these locations.

  • Geotextile, geogrid or combination products in contact with modular soil support system structures should be according to manufacturer’s specifications.
  • Geotextile material specifications should conform to Ontario Provincial Standard Specification (OPSS) 1860 for Class II geotextile fabrics.
  • Geotextile installed on tree trench sides and around perforated distribution and underdrain pipes should be woven monofilament or non-woven needle punched fabrics. Woven slit film and non-woven heat bonded fabrics should not be used as they are prone to clogging.
  • Where a root barrier is needed to prevent the migration of roots out of the tree trench, use impermeable ribbed barrier material with a thickness of 1-2 mm.

Underdrain Pipe[edit]

  • Should be minimum 150 mm dia. perforated HDPE or equivalent material, smooth interior wall and continuously perforated with geotextile sock.
  • A standpipe from the underdrain pipe to the growing medium or pavement surface can be used for inspection and maintenance. The top of the standpipe should be covered with a sealable cap and secured with a vandal-proof fastener.

Stormwater Distribution Pipe[edit]

  • Solid pipe from inlet structures should transition to perforated pipe once 300 mm inside the trench.
  • Perforated pipe should be minimum 150 mm dia. rigid, smooth interior wall HDPE or PVC with perforations on sides, wrapped with geotextile sock, with capacity and perforation specifications confirmed by the designing Engineer based on hydraulic requirements.

Inspection and Maintenance[edit]

Tree trenches have fewer maintenance requirements than bioretention cells or bioswales, but maintenance is still critical to their success. The most critical maintenance task is the removal of trash, sediment and debris accumulated in inlet structure sumps, gravel diaphragms and tree openings at curb cuts. This should be done at least once per year, however the frequency will depend on pavement uses, traffic volumes and tree canopy size. Inspect new trenches closely during the first two years of operation to measure the rate of accumulation and set an optimal maintenance frequency.

Underdrains and distribution pipes within the tree trench must be designed for ease of maintenance. Pipe couplings should be no greater than 45 degrees to allow inspection and cleaning equipment to access it, with enough cleanout access standpipes or structures to access the full length of the pipe.

Tree care is also an important part of tree trench maintenance. Provide regular irrigation and weed control in the tree openings until newly planted trees are fully established. Prune trees as needed once established to prevent safety hazards to pedestrians, overhead utility lines, and adjacent buildings. Monitor trees for damage by insects and other pests and replace trees that are in decline. A tree trench containing a diseased or dying tree is not a fully functional practice.

See further details here: Stormwater Tree Trenches: Maintenance

Common Urban Stormwater Tree Species
Latin Name Common Name
Ulmus americana American Elm
Acer x freemanii Freeman’s Maple
Alnus incana White Alder
Celtis occidentalis Hackberry
Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis Thornless Honeylocust
Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky Coffeetree
Quercus bicolor White Oak
Quercus macrocarpa Burr Oak
Quercus rubra Red Oak

Benefits of Trees[edit]

Stormwater Tree Trenches help support healthy street trees in urban settings where conventional plantings have limited space for root establishment. Trees play a critical role in stormwater management from reducing runoff through canopy interception, evapotranspiration, filtering out pollutants, and increasing infiltration capacity of soils, to retaining runoff. Trees also provide a myriad other environmental benefits, from shading impervious surfaces and thereby reducing urban heat island effects, to providing wildlife habitat and improving the aesthetics of streets and neighbourhoods. Research has shown that healthy trees increase property values, retail spending and contribute to a sense of community pride and safety.

At right is a list of trees that are known to tolerate conditions in northern (Zone 3) urban stormwater tree trenches.

Species selection[edit]

For a detailed overview with in-depth information on species selection please visit our Plant lists wiki page and you can continue on to our further detailed tables showcasing how to develop planting plans that include selection of species for specific functions in several stormwater tree trenches and other LID practices.

Soil cells[edit]

These are (usually plastic) supporting structures placed around the trees and beneath adjacent paved areas. They prevent compaction to the roots of the tree and prevent root damage to the paving. They are sometimes configured to receive stormwater and to enclose ponded water which can then infiltrate the soil surrounding the tree. Things to consider in design:

  • If the system is unlined it is hydraulically equivalent to a bioretention cell and provides similar water quality benefits.
  • If the system is lined and underdrained it is hydraulically similar to a large stormwater planter. Depending on the design detail it may retain significant stormwater within the planting soil volume and will provide water quality benefits.
  • Structures are designed to be filled with growing medium for tree rooting and support a vehicle loaded pavement up to and including AASHTO H-20 and Ontario Building Code standards for sidewalks.
  • Critical to modular soil support system design is that each structure or layer of structures be independent of all adjacent ones, such that one or multiple layers can be removed to facilitate future utility installation or repair.
A surface inlet configuration featuring a depressed drain routing water collected from the street to an enclosed area infiltrating water to soil cells underneath.

Underdrain[edit]

Underdrain

Performance[edit]

Ability for Tree Trenches to Meet Stormwater Management Objectives
BMP Water Balance Water Quality Erosion Control
Tree Trench Partial-based on on native soil infiltration rate and if flow restrictor is used Yes-size for water quality storage requirement Partial-based on native soil infiltration rate, available storage and if flow restrictor is used


Interception[edit]

Tree canopies intercept and store rainfall, thereby modifying stormwater runoff and reducing demands on urban stormwater infrastructure (Xiao et al., 1998; Xiao et al., 2000; Xiao and McPherson, 2002; Xiao et al., 2006). Canopy interception reduces both the actual runoff volumes, and delays the onset of peak flows (Davey Resource Group, 2008).

The extent of interception is influenced by a number of factors including tree architecture and it has been estimated that a typical medium-sized canopy tree can intercept as much as 9000 litres of rainfall year. (Crockford and Richardson, 2000).

A study of rainfall interception by street and park trees in Santa Monica, California found that interception rates varied by tree species and size, with broadleaf evergreen trees provided the most rainfall interception (Xiao and McPherson, 2002). Rainfall interception was found to range from 15.3% for a small jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia) to 66.5% for a mature brush box (Tristania conferta now known as Lophostemon confertus). Over the city as a whole the trees intercepted 1.6% of annual precipitation and the researchers calculated that the annual value of avoided stormwater treatment and flood control costs associated with this reduced runoff was US$110,890 (US$3.60 per tree).

Transpiration[edit]

Trees suck! (Abstracted from Phyto, by K. Kennen)

Galleries[edit]

Open tree pits[edit]

Soil cells[edit]

External links[edit]

In our effort to make this guide as functional as possible, we have decided to include proprietary systems and links to manufacturers websites.
Inclusion of such links does not constitute endorsement by the Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program.
Lists are ordered alphabetically; link updates are welcomed using the form below.

References[edit]

Also see references as direct web page links above.