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Line 18: − − − <ref>Willard, L.L., T. Wynn-Thompson, L. H. Krometis, T. P. \ Badgley, and B. D. Neher. 2017. “Does It Pay to Be Mature? Evaluation of Bioretention Cell Performance Seven Years Postconstruction.” Journal of Environmental Engineering 143 (9).</ref>
→Geotextiles/filter fabric
==Geotextiles/filter fabric==
==Geotextiles/filter fabric==
*Clogging of filter fabric has been observed in many field studies, e.g. ''"outflow ceases while water is still ponded above the drainage layer is most likely due to fines clogging the fabric and the need for more hydraulic head for the water to pass through the fabric"''<ref>Willard, L.L., T. Wynn-Thompson, L. H. Krometis, T. P. \ Badgley, and B. D. Neher. 2017. “Does It Pay to Be Mature? Evaluation of Bioretention Cell Performance Seven Years Postconstruction.” Journal of Environmental Engineering 143 (9).</ref>
*Laboratory research has demonstrated that the performance and clogging of maturing filter fabric can be predicted mathematically, based upon the media/filter material particle size distribution <ref>Palmeira, E. M. and Trejos Galvis, H. L. (2016). Opening sizes and filtration behaviour of non-woven geotextiles under confined and partial clogging conditions. Geosynthetics International. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgein.16.00021]</ref>.
*Laboratory research has demonstrated that the performance and clogging of maturing filter fabric can be predicted mathematically, based upon the media/filter material particle size distribution <ref>Palmeira, E. M. and Trejos Galvis, H. L. (2016). Opening sizes and filtration behaviour of non-woven geotextiles under confined and partial clogging conditions. Geosynthetics International. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgein.16.00021]</ref>.
*Elsewhere the mechanisms behind the clogging have been studied and characterised using CT-scanning technology <ref>Miszkowska, A., S. Lenart, and E. Koda. 2017. Changes of Permeability of Nonwoven Geotextiles due to Clogging and Cyclic Water Flow in Laboratory Conditions. Water 9(660). doi:10.3390/w9090660.</ref>.
*Elsewhere the mechanisms behind the clogging have been studied and characterised using CT-scanning technology <ref>Miszkowska, A., S. Lenart, and E. Koda. 2017. Changes of Permeability of Nonwoven Geotextiles due to Clogging and Cyclic Water Flow in Laboratory Conditions. Water 9(660). doi:10.3390/w9090660.</ref>.
*In Finland the use of a choker course has been advocated for in place of filter fabric as replacing a clogged fabric layer would disturb established [[planting]]<ref>Tahvonen, O. 2018. Adapting Bioretention Construction Details to Local Practices in Finland. Sustainability 10(276). doi: doi:10.3390/su10020276.</ref>.
*In Finland the use of a choker course has been advocated for in place of filter fabric as replacing a clogged fabric layer would disturb established [[planting]]<ref>Tahvonen, O. 2018. Adapting Bioretention Construction Details to Local Practices in Finland. Sustainability 10(276). doi: doi:10.3390/su10020276.</ref>.
*However, a recently revised document in Oklahoma suggests that geotextiles have a place in the base of the reservoir, but a choker course is best employed between layers inside the practice<ref>McLemore, A.J., J.R. Vogel, and S. Taghvaeian. 2017. “Bioretention Cell Design Guidance for Oklahoma.” http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-10743/BAE-1536web.pdf.</ref>
*However, a recently revised document in Oklahoma suggests that geotextiles have a place in the base of the reservoir, but a choker course is best employed between layers inside the practice<ref>McLemore, A.J., J.R. Vogel, and S. Taghvaeian. 2017. “Bioretention Cell Design Guidance for Oklahoma.” http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-10743/BAE-1536web.pdf.</ref>
==Filter media==
==Filter media==
Salty water has been shown to cause degradation of the filter media, and subsequent loss of the initial texture and flow conditions <ref>Kakuturu, S.P., and S.E. Clark. 2015. Clogging Mechanism of Stormwater Filter Media by NaCl as a Deicing Salt. doi: 10.1089/ees.2014.0337. [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55c211c8e4b06ea5799e6c03/t/5605b199e4b08dbc6e74a369/1443213721385/Clogging+mechanism+of+stormwater+filter+media.pdf]</ref>
Salty water has been shown to cause degradation of the filter media, and subsequent loss of the initial texture and flow conditions <ref>Kakuturu, S.P., and S.E. Clark. 2015. Clogging Mechanism of Stormwater Filter Media by NaCl as a Deicing Salt. doi: 10.1089/ees.2014.0337. [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55c211c8e4b06ea5799e6c03/t/5605b199e4b08dbc6e74a369/1443213721385/Clogging+mechanism+of+stormwater+filter+media.pdf]</ref>
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