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→Water Quality
Vegetated filter strips are primarily a practice used to achieve water quality improvements although some [[infiltration]] can occur, depending on the soil type and infiltration rate.
Vegetated filter strips are primarily a practice used to achieve water quality improvements although some [[infiltration]] can occur, depending on the soil type and infiltration rate.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|40 %
|40 %
|70 %
|70 %
|-
|North Carolina, USA<ref>Carmen, N.B., Hunt, W.F., Andersen, A.R. 2016. Volume Reduction Provided by Eight Residential Disconnected Downspouts in Durham, North Carolina. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 142(10): 05016002. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29EE.1943-7870.0001107</ref>
|57 %
|72 %
|}
|}
|+Pollutant removal efficiencies of vegetated filter strips
|+Pollutant removal efficiencies of vegetated filter strips
|-
|-
![[Total suspended solids]] (TSS)
!Total suspended solids (TSS)
|20 - 80 %
|20 - 80 %
|-
|-
!Total [[Nitrogen]]
!Total Nitrogen
|20 - 60 %
|20 - 60 %
|-
|-
!Total [[Phosphorus]]
!Total Phosphorus
|20 - 60 %
|20 - 60 %
|-
|-
!Total [[heavy metals]]
!Heavy metals
|20 - 80 %
|20 - 80 %
|}
|}
Performance of filter strips has also been evaluated based on the Roadside Vegetated Treatment Sites Study <ref name='Barrett2003'/> and the BMP Retrofit Pilot Study <ref>California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). 2004. BMP Retrofit Pilot Program, Final Report, CTSW-RT-01-050. Sacramento, CA.</ref>. These studies concluded that concentration reductions consistently occur for TSS and total [[heavy metals]] and frequently for dissolved metals. [[Water quality#Nutrients|Nutrients]] concentrations remained generally unchanged.
Performance of filter strips has also been evaluated based on the Roadside Vegetated Treatment Sites Study <ref name='Barrett2003'/> and the BMP Retrofit Pilot Study <ref>California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). 2004. BMP Retrofit Pilot Program, Final Report, CTSW-RT-01-050. Sacramento, CA.</ref>. These studies concluded that concentration reductions consistently occur for TSS and total [[heavy metals]] and frequently for dissolved metals. [[Water quality#Nutrients|Nutrients]] concentrations remained generally unchanged.
'''NOTE:'''Water quality performance declines when vegetation cover on the filter strip falls below 80 %.
A North Carolina field evaluation of stormwater quality treatment performance of vegetated filter strips featuring level spreader concrete structures as inlets found that systems significantly reduced event mean total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations by between 51% (7.6 m long) and 67% (15.2 m long), and pollutant mass by between 73.1% (7.6 m wide) and 88.9% (15.2 m wide) due to substantial runoff volume reductions attributed to infiltration. Nutrient loads were also significantly reduced, with reductions consistently greater for the 15.2 m long filter strip, confirming the importance of length and impervious drainage area to pervious area ratio for pollutant removal (Winston et al., 2011).<ref>Winston, R.J., Hunt W.F., Osmond, D.L., Lord, W.G., Woodward, M.D. 2011. Field Evaluation of Four Level Spreader-Vegetative Filter Strips to Improve Urban Storm-Water Quality. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 137(3): pp. 170-182. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29IR.1943-4774.0000173</ref>
In a recent international research review on processes for improving stormwwater quality treatment of grass swales and vegetated filter strips, Gavric et al. note that while understanding of hydrology and hydraulics of these stormwater control measures is adequate, there are knowledge gaps in understanding water quality treatment processes, particularly for nutrients, traffic associated organic contaminants, and bacteria (Gavric et al., 2019 <ref>Gavric.S, Leonhardt, G., Marsalek, J., Viklander, M. 2019. Processes improving urban stormwater quality in grass swales and filter strips: A review of research findings. Science of the Total Environment. v 669. pp. 431-447. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719310502?via%3Dihub</ref>).
'''NOTE:'''Water quality performance declines when vegetation cover on the filter strip falls below 80%.
[[Category:Performance]]
[[Category:Performance]]