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Line 28: + + − [[File:Western beaches storage tunnel.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Construction of Western Beaches Storage Tunnel in Toronto (McNally, 2017) <ref name=McNally></ref>.]] − [[File:FEMA P-259 Engineering Principles and Practices for Retrofitting Flood-Prone Residential Structures Structure protected by levee and floodwall 520px (1).png|300px|thumb|right|Floodwall and levee protects building from flood water (Reduce Flood Risk, 2022)<ref>Reduce Flood Risk. 2022. Construct a floodwall barrier. https://www.reducefloodrisk.org/mitigation/construct-a-floodwall-barrier/</ref>.]]
→Strategies
==Strategies==
==Strategies==
[[File:Western beaches storage tunnel.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Construction of Western Beaches Storage Tunnel in Toronto (McNally, 2017) <ref name=McNally></ref>.]]
[[File:FEMA P-259 Engineering Principles and Practices for Retrofitting Flood-Prone Residential Structures Structure protected by levee and floodwall 520px (1).png|300px|thumb|right|Floodwall and levee protects building from flood water (Reduce Flood Risk, 2022)<ref>Reduce Flood Risk. 2022. Construct a floodwall barrier. https://www.reducefloodrisk.org/mitigation/construct-a-floodwall-barrier/</ref>.]]
Effective flood mitigation strategies include both grey infrastructure (traditional engineered solutions), green infrastructure (nature-based solutions), and grey-green hybrids.
Effective flood mitigation strategies include both grey infrastructure (traditional engineered solutions), green infrastructure (nature-based solutions), and grey-green hybrids.
===Grey infrastructure solutions===
===Grey infrastructure solutions===
*'''[[Wet ponds|Detention ponds and stormwater basins]]''' store excess runoff and release it gradually.
*'''[[Wet ponds|Detention ponds and stormwater basins]]''' store excess runoff and release it gradually.
*'''Underground stormwater storage''' can help prevents sewer overflows. For example, the 4km long West Beaches Storage Tunnel in Toronto stores and treats combined sewer overflows and stormwater to prevent untreated sewage from entering Lake Ontario. It helps prevent localized flooding by collecting and storing water and uses [[sedimentation]] and UV disinfection to improve water quality (McNally, 2017) <ref name=McNally>McNally. 2017. Western Beaches Tunnel – Toronto, ON. http://mcnally.ca/tunneling-projects/western-beaches-tunnel-toronto/#:~:text=Project%20Outline,pump%20station%20at%20Strachan%20Avenue.</ref>.
*'''Underground stormwater storage''' can help prevents sewer overflows. For example, the 4km long West Beaches Storage Tunnel in Toronto stores and treats combined sewer overflows and stormwater to prevent untreated sewage from entering Lake Ontario. It helps prevent localized flooding by collecting and storing water and uses [[sedimentation]] and UV disinfection to improve water quality (McNally, 2017) <ref name=McNally>McNally. 2017. Western Beaches Tunnel – Toronto, ON. http://mcnally.ca/tunneling-projects/western-beaches-tunnel-toronto/#:~:text=Project%20Outline,pump%20station%20at%20Strachan%20Avenue.</ref>.