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*Common in urban areas with high impervious surface coverage.
*Common in urban areas with high impervious surface coverage.
*Exacerbated by poor drainage and outdated stormwater infrastructure.
*Exacerbated by poor drainage and outdated stormwater infrastructure.
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+*"Flash flooding" is when intense rainfall overwhelms drainage systems, leading to sudden surface flooding. This can be common in dense urban environments where water cannot infiltrate quickly.
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!Fluvial (riverine) flooding
!Fluvial (riverine) flooding
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*Occurs when rivers overflow their banks due to heavy rainfall or snowmelt.
*Occurs when rivers overflow their banks due to heavy rainfall or snowmelt.
*Worsened by upstream land use changes that increase runoff.
*Worsened by upstream land use changes that increase runoff.
+*"Flash flooding" may occur in steep river catchments, where rapid runoff accumulation causes sudden rises in water levels.
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+!Coastal (shoreline) flooding
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+*Driven by storm surges, and/or lake-level rise.
+*More common in areas with poor shoreline protection.
+*Flash flooding is less common, but can occur when extreme rainfall occurs throughout the watershed.
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