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[[File:KoppenGeigerclimatezonesCanada_2017.jpg|thumb|Koppen-Geiger Climate Zones of Canada, 2017]]
[[File:KoppenGeigerclimatezonesCanada_2017.jpg|thumb|450px|Koppen-Geiger Climate Zones of Canada, 2017]]
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==Cold climates==
==Cold climates==
Most major cities and urban areas in Ontario have a "humid continental" climate featuring snow and warm summers, classified as "Dfb" according to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification Koppen-Geiger climate zone classification system], which includes average temperatures in the coldest month well below -3°C. Other locations in Canada with a humid continental "Dfb" climate include portions of the British Columbia interior (Kamloops, Kelowna, Prince George), the prairies (Calgary, Edmonton, Regina, Saskatoon and Winnipeg), southern Quebec (Montreal, Quebec City), and Atlantic provinces (Charlottetown, Fredericton, Halifax, St. John's). Locations in the United States with a "Dfb" climate include portions of Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Wisconsin. Other locations around the world with a "Dfb" climate includes such cities as Oslo (Norway), Helsinki (Finland), Stockholm (Sweden), Moscow (Russia), Kiev (Ukraine) and Hokkaido and Sapporo (Japan). <br>
Most major cities and urban areas in Ontario have a "humid continental" climate featuring snow and warm summers, classified as "Dfb" according to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification Koppen-Geiger climate zone classification system], which includes average temperatures in the coldest month well below -3°C. Other locations in Canada with a humid continental "Dfb" climate include portions of the British Columbia interior (Kamloops, Kelowna, Prince George), the prairies (Calgary, Edmonton, Regina, Saskatoon and Winnipeg), southern Quebec (Montreal, Quebec City), and Atlantic provinces (Charlottetown, Fredericton, Halifax, St. John's). Locations in the United States with a "Dfb" climate include portions of Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Wisconsin. Other locations around the world with a "Dfb" climate includes such cities as Oslo (Norway), Helsinki (Finland), Stockholm (Sweden), Moscow (Russia), Kiev (Ukraine) and Hokkaido and Sapporo (Japan). <br>
===[[Green Roofs |Green roofs]]===
===[[Green Roofs |Green roofs]]===
The survival of [[Green roofs: Planting|green roof plantings]] is greater in winters with long deep sub-zero temperatures. Being shallow and very exposed to warming sunlight, green roofs thaw rapidly. Frequent freeze-thaw cycles in the early and late winter are associated higher loss of vegetation on green roofs.
The survival of [[Green roofs: Planting|green roof plantings]] is greater in winters with long deep sub-zero temperatures. Being shallow and very exposed to warming sunlight, green roofs thaw rapidly. Frequent freeze-thaw cycles in the early and late winter are associated higher loss of vegetation on green roofs.
==References==