Changes

[[File:KoppenGeigerclimatezonesCanada_2017.jpg|thumb|Koppen-Geiger Climate Zones of Canada, 2017]]

[[File:KoppenGeigerclimatezonesCanada_2017.jpg|thumb|500px|Koppen-Geiger Climate Zones of Canada, 2017]]

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==Cold climates==

==Cold climates==

The southernmost portion of Ontario has a humid continental climate that features snow and hot summers, with a Koppen-Geiger climate zone classification of "Dfa". Other locations with "Dfa" climate include northern portions of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa and Ohio in the United States.

The southernmost portion of Ontario has a humid continental climate that features snow and hot summers, with a Koppen-Geiger climate zone classification of "Dfa". Other locations with "Dfa" climate include northern portions of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa and Ohio in the United States.

==De-icing salt==

==De-icing [[salt]]==

[[File:Snow_filter_strip.png|thumb|Snow being stored on a filter strip in Markham, ON]]

[[File:Snow_filter_strip.png|thumb|Snow being stored on a filter strip in Markham, ON]]

Sodium and chloride ions in de-icing salts applied to asphalt areas travel easily with the runoff water. De-icing salt can increase the mobility of some [[heavy metals]] in soil (e.g. lead, copper or cadmium). This may increase the downstream concentration of these metals <ref>Amrhein, C., Strong, J.E., and Mosher, P.A. 1992. Effect of de-icing salts on metal and organic matter mobilization in roadside soils. Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 703-709</ref><ref>Bauske, B., Goetz, D. 1993. Effects of de-icing salts on heavy metal mobility. Acta Hydrochimica Hydrobiologica. Vol. 21. pp. 38-42., 1993).</ref>

Sodium and chloride ions in de-icing [[salt|salts]] applied to asphalt areas travel easily with the runoff water. De-icing [[salt]] can increase the mobility of some [[heavy metals]] in soil (e.g. lead, copper or cadmium). This may increase the downstream concentration of these metals <ref>Amrhein, C., Strong, J.E., and Mosher, P.A. 1992. Effect of de-icing salts on metal and organic matter mobilization in roadside soils. Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 703-709</ref><ref>Bauske, B., Goetz, D. 1993. Effects of de-icing salts on heavy metal mobility. Acta Hydrochimica Hydrobiologica. Vol. 21. pp. 38-42., 1993).</ref>

Very few studies have sampled groundwater below infiltration facilities or roadside ditches receiving de-icing salt laden runoff have found concentrations of heavy metals that exceed drinking water standards <ref>Howard, K.W.F. and Beck, P.J. 1993. Hydrogeochemical implications of groundwater contamination by road de-icing chemicals. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. Vol. 12. pp. 245-268.</ref><ref>Granato, G.E., Church, P.E., Stone, V.J. 1995. Mobilization of Major and Trace Constituents of Highway Runoff in Groundwater Potentially Caused by De-icing Chemical Migration. Transportation Research Record. No. 1483.</ref>

Very few studies have sampled groundwater below infiltration facilities or roadside ditches receiving de-icing salt laden runoff have found concentrations of heavy metals that exceed drinking water standards <ref>Howard, K.W.F. and Beck, P.J. 1993. Hydrogeochemical implications of groundwater contamination by road de-icing chemicals. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. Vol. 12. pp. 245-268.</ref><ref>Granato, G.E., Church, P.E., Stone, V.J. 1995. Mobilization of Major and Trace Constituents of Highway Runoff in Groundwater Potentially Caused by De-icing Chemical Migration. Transportation Research Record. No. 1483.</ref>

[[File:Ice storm (1).jpg|thumb|Ice storm (1)]]

[[File:Ice storm (1).jpg|thumb|Ice storm (1)]]

===[[Underdrain |Underdrains]] and flow control devices===

===[[Underdrain |Underdrains]] and flow control devices===

[[Underdrain]] perforated pipes should be located below the frost line to reduce the threat of ice clogging. Ontario provincial standard drawings of frost penetration depth are available from the [https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/opsViews.aspx Ministry of Transportation] as OPSD 3090.100 for northern Ontario <ref> Ministry of Transportation. 2010. Foundation Frost Penetration Depths for Northern Ontario. OPSD 3090.100. Nov 2010. Rev.1. https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/opsViews.aspx </ref> and OPSD 3090.101 for southern Ontario <ref> Ministry of Transportation. 2010. Foundation Frost Penetration Depths for Southern Ontario. OPSD 3090.101. Nov 2010. Rev.1. https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/opsViews.aspx </ref>.<br>

[[Underdrain]] perforated pipes that are appropriately sized and sloped to allow rapid drainage are not susceptible to ice clogging.  Underdrains below permeable pavements, for instance, are rarely below the frost line but have not been found to be susceptible to ice clogging.  Locating underdrains below the frost line would be important when there is a potential for groundwater flow in underdrains, where underdrain are flat, or where there may be slow entry of water into underdrains over long time periods. Ontario provincial standard drawings of frost penetration depth are available from the [https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/opsViews.aspx Ministry of Transportation] as OPSD 3090.100 for northern Ontario <ref> Ministry of Transportation. 2010. Foundation Frost Penetration Depths for Northern Ontario. OPSD 3090.100. Nov 2010. Rev.1. https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/opsViews.aspx </ref> and OPSD 3090.101 for southern Ontario <ref> Ministry of Transportation. 2010. Foundation Frost Penetration Depths for Southern Ontario. OPSD 3090.101. Nov 2010. Rev.1. https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/opsViews.aspx </ref>.<br>

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[[Weirs]] are generally less prone to clogging from ice than [[orifices]] under all flow conditions. Proprietary low flow devices are also available which are designed to mitigate clogging from ice or other solid debris.

[[Weirs]] are generally less prone to clogging from ice than [[orifices]] or valves under all flow conditions. Proprietary low flow devices are also available which are designed to mitigate clogging from ice or other solid debris.

===Plowing===

===Plowing===

===[[Green Roofs |Green roofs]]===  

===[[Green Roofs |Green roofs]]===  

The survival of [[Green roofs: Planting|green roof plantings]] is greater in winters with long deep sub-zero temperatures. Being shallow and very exposed to warming sunlight, green roofs thaw rapidly. Frequent freeze-thaw cycles in the early and late winter are associated higher loss of vegetation on green roofs.

The survival of [[Green roofs: Planting|green roof plantings]] is greater in winters with long deep sub-zero temperatures. Being shallow and very exposed to warming sunlight, green roofs thaw rapidly. Frequent freeze-thaw cycles in the early and late winter are associated higher loss of vegetation on green roofs.