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Line 13:
Line 13: − + − − *http://www.unh.edu/unhsc/sites/unh.edu.unhsc/files/pubs_specs_info/jee_3_09_unhsc_cold_climate.pdf
→De-icing Salt
Very few studies have sampled groundwater below infiltration facilities or roadside ditches receiving de-icing salt laden runoff have found concentrations of heavy metals that exceed drinking water standards <ref>Howard, K.W.F. and Beck, P.J. 1993. Hydrogeochemical implications of groundwater contamination by road de-icing chemicals. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. Vol. 12. pp. 245-268.</ref><ref>Granato, G.E., Church, P.E., Stone, V.J. 1995. Mobilization of Major and Trace Constituents of Highway Runoff in Groundwater Potentially Caused by De-icing Chemical Migration. Transportation Research Record. No. 1483.</ref>
Very few studies have sampled groundwater below infiltration facilities or roadside ditches receiving de-icing salt laden runoff have found concentrations of heavy metals that exceed drinking water standards <ref>Howard, K.W.F. and Beck, P.J. 1993. Hydrogeochemical implications of groundwater contamination by road de-icing chemicals. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. Vol. 12. pp. 245-268.</ref><ref>Granato, G.E., Church, P.E., Stone, V.J. 1995. Mobilization of Major and Trace Constituents of Highway Runoff in Groundwater Potentially Caused by De-icing Chemical Migration. Transportation Research Record. No. 1483.</ref>
===To minimize risk of groundwater or soil contamination, the following management approaches are recommended (Pitt et al., 1999; TRCA, 2009b):===
===To minimize risk of groundwater or soil contamination, the following management approaches are recommended <ref>Pitt, R., Clark, S., Field, R. 1999. Groundwater contamination potential from stormwater infiltration. Urban Water. Vol.1. pp.217-236. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S146207589900014X </ref>, <ref> Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. 2009. Review of the Science and Practice of Stormwater Infiltration in Cold Climates. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2014/10/SW_Infiltration-Review_10.15.2014.pdf </ref>:===
Stormwater infiltration practices should not receive runoff from the following areas:
Stormwater infiltration practices should not receive runoff from the following areas:
*Where large amounts of de-icing salts are applied (e.g., busy highways), or
*Where large amounts of de-icing salts are applied (e.g., busy highways), or
*Pollution hot spots (e.g. vehicle fuelling, servicing or demolition areas, outdoor storage or handling areas for hazardous materials, and some heavy industry sites); *Prioritize infiltration of runoff from source areas that are comparatively less contaminated such as roofs, low traffic roads and parking areas; and
*Pollution hot spots (e.g. vehicle fuelling, servicing or demolition areas, outdoor storage or handling areas for hazardous materials, and some heavy industry sites); *Prioritize infiltration of runoff from source areas that are comparatively less contaminated such as roofs, low traffic roads and parking areas; and
*Apply [[pretreatment]] practices before infiltration of road or parking area runoff.
*Apply [[pretreatment]] practices before infiltration of road or parking area runoff.
==Other freezing related concerns==
==Other freezing related concerns==