Changes

For more recent research on the water management benefits of urban trees, and modelling approaches see the following articles and projects.

For more recent research on the water management benefits of urban trees, and modelling approaches see the following articles and projects.

* '''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169418306346?via%3Dihub Tree pit hydrology in Melbourne, Australia (Grey et al. 2018)]''' <ref>Grey, V., Livesley, S.J., Fletcher, T.D. and Szota, C. 2018. Tree pits to help mitigate runoff in dense urban areas. Journal of Hydrology, 565, pp.400-410. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169418306346?via%3Dihub</ref>

* '''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169418306346?via%3Dihub Tree pit hydrology in Melbourne, Australia (Grey et al. 2018)]''' <ref>Grey, V., Livesley, S.J., Fletcher, T.D. and Szota, C. 2018. Tree pits to help mitigate runoff in dense urban areas. Journal of Hydrology, 565, pp.400-410. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169418306346?via%3Dihub</ref>

** Grey ''et al''. (2018), conducted a streetscape experiment to determine the runoff retention rate of tree pits in heavy [[Soil groups|clay soil]] with low exfiltration nates. Their research found that runoff retention is possible in even very dense urban streetscapes, and that sizing needs to be between 2.5% to 8% of the impervious catchment area (dependent upon tree pit exfiltration rates) to achieve 90% reduction in annual runoff.

** Grey ''et al''. (2018), conducted a streetscape experiment to determine the runoff retention rate of tree pits in heavy [[Soil groups|clay soil]] with low exfiltration rates. Their research found that runoff retention is possible in even very dense urban streetscapes, and that sizing needs to be between 2.5% to 8% of the impervious catchment area (dependent upon tree pit exfiltration rates) to achieve 90% reduction in annual runoff.

* '''[https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000865 Health of trees in bioretention (Tirpak et al. 2018)]'''<ref>Tirpak, R.A., Hathaway, J.M., Franklin, J.A. and Khojandi, A. 2018. The health of trees in bioretention: A survey and analysis of influential variables. Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, 4(4), p.04018011. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000865</ref>

* '''[https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000865 Health of trees in bioretention (Tirpak et al. 2018)]'''<ref>Tirpak, R.A., Hathaway, J.M., Franklin, J.A. and Khojandi, A. 2018. The health of trees in bioretention: A survey and analysis of influential variables. Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, 4(4), p.04018011. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000865</ref>

**Tirpak ''et al.'' (2018), conducted a study on tree health in bioretention systems in southeastern U.S. Of the 6 species studied, only 1 showed greater health in bioretention media compared to urban trees not planted in bioretention systems. Results show that species selection should be based on bioretention filter media analysis and species compatability with the growing conditions found in bioretention.

**Tirpak ''et al.'' (2018), conducted a study on tree health in bioretention systems in southeastern U.S. Of the 6 species studied, only 1 showed greater health when grown in bioretention media compared to urban trees not planted in bioretention systems. Results show that species selection should be based on bioretention filter media analysis and species compatability with the growing conditions found in bioretention facilities.

* '''[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.017 Role of trees in urban stormwater management (Berland et al. 2017)]'''<ref>Berland, A., Shiflett, S.A., Shuster, W.D., Garmestani, A.S., Goddard, H.C., Herrmann, D.L. and Hopton, M.E. 2017. The role of trees in urban stormwater management. Landscape and urban planning, 162, pp.167-177. https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271853/1-s2.0-S0169204617X00030/1-s2.0-S0169204617300464/Adam_Berland_green_infrastructure_2017.pdf</ref>

* '''[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.017 Role of trees in urban stormwater management (Berland et al. 2017)]'''<ref>Berland, A., Shiflett, S.A., Shuster, W.D., Garmestani, A.S., Goddard, H.C., Herrmann, D.L. and Hopton, M.E. 2017. The role of trees in urban stormwater management. Landscape and urban planning, 162, pp.167-177. https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271853/1-s2.0-S0169204617X00030/1-s2.0-S0169204617300464/Adam_Berland_green_infrastructure_2017.pdf</ref>

** Berland ''et al''., provided encouraging signs from their literature review noting the importance of urban trees in stormwater control and management. Their review found that trees are compatible with various GSI technologies and may improve the function of these installations through evapotranspiration and improvements in infiltration rates. Further understanding should be focused on context-specific considerations of optimal arboriculture practices and improved frameworks to maximize the benefits that urban trees provide LIDs related to the hydrologic cycle.

** Berland ''et al''., provided encouraging signs from their literature review noting the importance of urban trees in stormwater control and management. Their review found that trees are compatible with various GSI technologies and may improve the function of these installations through evapotranspiration and improvements in infiltration rates. Further understanding should be focused on context-specific considerations of optimal arboriculture practices and improved frameworks to maximize the benefits that urban trees provide LIDs related to the hydrologic cycle.