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→Performance research
For more recent research on the water management benefits of urban trees, and modelling approaches see the following articles and projects.
For more recent research on the water management benefits of urban trees, and modelling approaches see the following articles and projects.
* '''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925857417306365 Stormwater infiltration capacity of street tree pits in New York City (Elliott et al. 2018)]''' <ref> Elliott, R.M., Adkins, E.R., Culligan, P.J, Palmer, M.I., Stormwater infiltration capacity of street tree pits: Quantifying the influence of different design and management strategies in New York City. Ecological Engineering. v.111. pp. 157-166. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925857417306365</ref>
** In a study of forty tree pits representing typical varieties of physical conditions in New York City, Elliott et al. found the most significant factor influencing infiltration rate was the presence of fencing or guard rails, with guarded tree pits having higher infiltration rates. Additionally, higher infiltration rates were associated with larger tree pit areas, built-up surface elevations and the combined presence of ground cover plantings and mulch.
* '''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169418306346?via%3Dihub Tree pit hydrology in Melbourne, Australia (Grey et al. 2018)]''' <ref>Grey, V., Livesley, S.J., Fletcher, T.D. and Szota, C. 2018. Tree pits to help mitigate runoff in dense urban areas. Journal of Hydrology, 565, pp.400-410. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169418306346?via%3Dihub</ref>
* '''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169418306346?via%3Dihub Tree pit hydrology in Melbourne, Australia (Grey et al. 2018)]''' <ref>Grey, V., Livesley, S.J., Fletcher, T.D. and Szota, C. 2018. Tree pits to help mitigate runoff in dense urban areas. Journal of Hydrology, 565, pp.400-410. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169418306346?via%3Dihub</ref>
** Grey ''et al''. (2018), conducted a streetscape experiment to determine the runoff retention rate of tree pits in heavy [[Soil groups|clay soil]] with low exfiltration rates. Their research found that runoff retention is possible in even very dense urban streetscapes, and that sizing needs to be between 2.5% to 8% of the impervious catchment area (dependent upon tree pit exfiltration rates) to achieve 90% reduction in annual runoff.
** Grey ''et al''. (2018), conducted a streetscape experiment to determine the runoff retention rate of tree pits in heavy [[Soil groups|clay soil]] with low exfiltration rates. Their research found that runoff retention is possible in even very dense urban streetscapes, and that sizing needs to be between 2.5% to 8% of the impervious catchment area (dependent upon tree pit exfiltration rates) to achieve 90% reduction in annual runoff.