Difference between revisions of "Infiltration"

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<p>Infiltration of stormwater into underlying soils is one the priority level 1. mechanisms to achieve MOECC Runoff Volume Control targets. In many areas of Ontario, where municipal supplies of potable water are drawn from aquifers, it's also an important mechanism to recharge groundwater supplies.</p>
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Infiltration of stormwater into underlying native subgrade soils is one mechanism to achieving MECP [[runoff volume control targets]]. In many areas of Ontario, where municipal and private drinking water supplies are drawn from aquifers, it's also an important mechanism for groundwater recharge.
{{TextBox|1= Infiltration is promoted through a number of LID BMPs:
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{{textbox|Drainage via infiltration be achieved through a number of LID BMP types:
 
*[[Infiltration chambers]] (underground)
 
*[[Infiltration chambers]] (underground)
 
*[[Infiltration trenches]] (underground)
 
*[[Infiltration trenches]] (underground)
*[[Dry ponds]] (surface)
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*[[Exfiltration trenches| Exfiltration systems]] (underground)
*[[Bioretention cells]] (surface)
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*[[Bioretention]] (surface, full- or partial-infiltration design variations)
*[[Bioswales]] (surface)
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*[[Bioswales]] (surface, full- or partial-infiltration design variations)
 +
*[[Permeable pavements| Permeable pavements]] (surface, full- or partial-infiltration design variations)
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*[[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Stormwater tree trenches]] (surface, partial-infiltration design variation)
 +
*[[Enhanced swales]] or [[Swales |swales]] featuring check dams (surface)
 +
*[[Dry ponds]] or infiltration basins (surface)
 
}}
 
}}
===Constraints===
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==Constraints==
 
Infiltration practices are not recommended:
 
Infiltration practices are not recommended:
#over swelling clays or unstable sub-soils,
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#over-swelling clays or unstable subsoils,
#over contaminated soils or sites with high risk of contamination from onsite activities,  
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#contaminated soils or sites with high risk of contamination from on-site activities (i.e. pollution hot spots),
#in flood prone areas where the wastewater system is sensitive to groundwater conditions causing sewer backups, and where LID BMPs have been found to be ineffective,
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#in areas of known or implied [[Karst |karst topography]],
 +
#on unstable or steep slopes (>15%),
 +
# to treat construction site runoff,
 +
#to treat combined sewer overflows,
 +
#in flood prone areas where the wastewater system is sensitive to groundwater conditions causing sewer backups,
 
#in areas where the ecology and natural hydrology are dependent upon surface water,
 
#in areas where the ecology and natural hydrology are dependent upon surface water,
#in areas where increased infiltration will result in elevated groundwater levels, which can be demonstrated to damage critical utilities or private property, or
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#in areas where increased infiltration will result in elevated groundwater levels that will damage critical utilities or private property, or
#where prohibitions and/or restrictions exist per approved Source Protection Plans (see MOECC guidance).
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#where prohibitions and/or restrictions exist per approved source water protection plans (e.g. should not be used to treat pavement runoff within wellhead protection area B, 2 year time of travel zones, nor within groundwater quality issue contributing areas where Sodium or Chloride is a threat).
 
<br>
 
<br>
Infiltration facilities should be designed with drainage modifications where:  
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See [[Site considerations]] for further guidance on potential site constraints and LID facility type selection and design considerations.
 +
 
 +
===Designing with constraints===
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{{textbox|Infiltration facilities can be effective on low permeability soils with infiltration rates ≤ 15 mm/hr:
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*See [[Underdrains| underdrains]] and
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*Results from STEP studies of infiltration facilities located on [[low permeability soils]] in Ontario.
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Infiltration facilities should be designed with modifications where:  
 
#the underlying bedrock is within 1 m below the bottom of the proposed BMP, or
 
#the underlying bedrock is within 1 m below the bottom of the proposed BMP, or
#the seasonal high groundwater level comes within 1 m below the bottom of the proposed BMP.
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#the seasonal high groundwater level (i.e. water table) comes within 1 m below the bottom of the proposed BMP.
===Designing with constraints===
 
{{TextBox|1= Infiltration can still be optimized over 'tight' soils with infiltration rates ≤ 15 mm/hr:
 
*[[Bioretention: Internal water storage |Bioretention with internal water storage]]
 
*[[Bioretention:_Partial_infiltration|Partially infiltrating bioretention]]
 
 
}}
 
}}
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{{:Groundwater}}
 
----
 
----
{{TextBox|1= Where infiltration is impossible, LID design alternatives exist which can still capture and retain  stormwater:
 
*[[Bioretention: Non-infiltrating | Stormwater planters]]
 
*[[Rainwater harvesting]]
 
*[[Green roofs]]
 
}}
 
===Planning===
 
<h4>Soil infiltration rate</h4>
 
[[Infiltration: Testing|Infiltration tests]] must be undertaken at the location, depth and with a head of water that replicates the proposed design.
 
<table class="table-responsive table table-striped">
 
        <caption><strong>Suggested safety factors to be applied to measured percolation rate when designing infiltration facilities</strong></caption>
 
        <tr class="success">
 
            <th rowspan="2"  class="text-center">Catchment area</th>
 
            <th colspan="3" class="text-center">Consequence of failure</th>
 
            <tr class="success">
 
                <th  class="text-center">No damage or inconvenience</th>
 
                <th  class="text-center">Minor damage or inconvenience to external structures (e.g. ponding in parking lot)</th>
 
                <th  class="text-center">Significant damage to buildings or infrastructure (e.g. flooding damage)</th>
 
            </tr>
 
            <tr>
 
                <td  class="text-center"><100 m<sup>2</sup></td>
 
                <td  class="text-center">1.5</td>
 
                <td  class="text-center">2</td>
 
                <td  class="text-center">10</td>
 
            </tr>
 
            <tr>
 
                <td style="white-space: nowrap"  class="text-center"> 100 - 1000 m<sup>2</sup>
 
                    <td  class="text-center">1.5</td>
 
                    <td  class="text-center">3</td>
 
                    <td  class="text-center">10</td>
 
            </tr>
 
</table>
 
 
[[category:Infiltration]]
 
[[category:Infiltration]]

Latest revision as of 19:44, 2 June 2022

Infiltration of stormwater into underlying native subgrade soils is one mechanism to achieving MECP runoff volume control targets. In many areas of Ontario, where municipal and private drinking water supplies are drawn from aquifers, it's also an important mechanism for groundwater recharge.

Drainage via infiltration be achieved through a number of LID BMP types:

Constraints[edit]

Infiltration practices are not recommended:

  1. over-swelling clays or unstable subsoils,
  2. contaminated soils or sites with high risk of contamination from on-site activities (i.e. pollution hot spots),
  3. in areas of known or implied karst topography,
  4. on unstable or steep slopes (>15%),
  5. to treat construction site runoff,
  6. to treat combined sewer overflows,
  7. in flood prone areas where the wastewater system is sensitive to groundwater conditions causing sewer backups,
  8. in areas where the ecology and natural hydrology are dependent upon surface water,
  9. in areas where increased infiltration will result in elevated groundwater levels that will damage critical utilities or private property, or
  10. where prohibitions and/or restrictions exist per approved source water protection plans (e.g. should not be used to treat pavement runoff within wellhead protection area B, 2 year time of travel zones, nor within groundwater quality issue contributing areas where Sodium or Chloride is a threat).


See Site considerations for further guidance on potential site constraints and LID facility type selection and design considerations.

Designing with constraints[edit]

Infiltration facilities can be effective on low permeability soils with infiltration rates ≤ 15 mm/hr:

Infiltration facilities should be designed with modifications where:

  1. the underlying bedrock is within 1 m below the bottom of the proposed BMP, or
  2. the seasonal high groundwater level (i.e. water table) comes within 1 m below the bottom of the proposed BMP.

Target groundwater separation[edit]

In many areas of Ontario the target separation between the base of an infiltrating LID practice and the seasonally water table or bedrock surface elevation is 1.0 m. This is to mitigate risks due to short periods of groundwater mounding and potentially unobserved seasonal fluctuations. Seasonally high water table elevation should be determined through continuous water level monitoring of wells in the vicinity of the proposed infiltration facilities during spring months (March to June), when water levels in shallow aquifers are typically at their peak. In areas where a 1.0 m separation cannot be provided, or where conditions dictate that an even greater separation may be warranted, additional discussion and/or analysis specific to the physical characteristics of the site and the proposed design should be completed. The design practitioner is advised to consult with approval agencies to understand their requirements and/or expectations prior to undertaking work, and to complete an appropriate level of analysis to support their conclusion. The detail of investigation and/or documentation supporting a proposed design may be reduced in areas where ≥ 1.0 m separation is anticipated.

Retention of an unsaturated zone beneath the practice :

  • Minimizes the potential for functional impacts associated with reduced percolation rates,
  • Maintains the physical and biochemical water quality treatment benefits provided within the vadose zone.

Groundwater mounding[edit]

Groundwater mounding describes the localized raising of the water table beneath infiltration practices. It may be of concern if it affects nearby structures including building foundations. When you wish to model the extent of groundwater mounding beneath an infiltration facility, use this Tool that incorporates Hantush's derivation (1967).

Download the Hantush groundwater mounding tool


Note that this is a minor adaptation (metric units and formatting) from the original tool, written and hosted by the USGS.

Preventing groundwater interaction[edit]

Many LID systems rely upon reuse, or evaporation and transpiration instead of infiltration to the ground. If the site cannot support any infiltration, consider

Oak Ridges Moraine Groundwater Program[edit]

ORMGP Public mapping portal
Depth to groundwater raster and contours from the ORMGP

The Oak Ridges Moraine Groundwater Program works collaboratively with government agencies and consultants to better understand and manage the water resources of the Oak Ridges Moraine physiographic region, which stretches from the Credit and Nottawasaga River watersheds in the west, to the Trent River in the east and reaches from the shores of Lake Ontario northwards to Lake Simcoe and the Kawartha Lakes watersheds. The program delivers a multi-agency collaborative approach to collecting, analyzing and disseminating geological and hydrogeological knowledge as a basis for effective decision making and stewardship of water resources in this part of Ontario. Visit the program website to learn more about program elements and publications. Through the public mapping portal portion of the program website users have the ability to generate maps of estimated water table elevation and depth to water table for sites captured by the regional groundwater model and locate existing well and borehole records. This provides LID designers with a powerful tool for identifying opportunities for, and constraints to implementating stormwater infiltration facilities with regard to groundwater levels.

Other sources of groundwater data[edit]

Planning[edit]

Hydrogeology[edit]

The Conservation Authorities Geoscience Group has prepared a guidance document which attempts to standardize the hydrogeological study requirements for development applications made to Conservation Authorities. It is a helpful guide for all low impact development applications which include infiltration. It is provided with the caveat that not all sections or content are necessary or appropriate for every case. Pre-consultation with your local conservation authority and municipality is strongly recommended in all cases.

Hydrogeological Assessment Submissions Conservation Authority Guidelines for Development Applications

Beginning an infiltration BMP design?[edit]

See Infiltration testing and Design infiltration rates pages

See also[edit]