Difference between revisions of "Curb cuts"

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==Overview==
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<poem>
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Curb cuts are a form of LID/BMP [[Inlets|inlet]]. They include a variety of modified curbs and spillways.
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They are well suited to retrofit scenarios and to collect runoff from catchments with relatively gentle longitudinal slope, and/or a greater cross slope. This might be the local topography of a parking lot or a piece of parkland.
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As this inlet width is directly proportional to longitudinal slope; the required curb cut width increases rapidly on steeper roads.
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'''Standard width (450 mm), as included in Ontario Provincial Standard Drawings (OPSDs) should be compared to and modified for the flow requirements of the practice.'''
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</poem>
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{| class="wikitable"
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|+The Ontario Provincial Standard Drawing (OPSD) collection for curb cuts
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|-
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!Flow direction
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!From asphalt curb and gutter
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!From concrete curb and gutter
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!From either asphalt or concrete outlet
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|-
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|30 to 45 degree
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|605.020 <ref name =OPSD>http://www.roadauthority.com/Standards/?id=b00e3771-6095-4257-b029-1d9879418039</ref>
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|605.010 <ref name =OPSD/>
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|605.040 Asphalt Spillways <ref name =OPSD/>
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|-
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|90 degree
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|604.020 <ref name =OPSD/>
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|604.010 <ref name =OPSD/>
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|605.040 Asphalt Spillways <ref name =OPSD/>
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|}
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==Sizing==
 
==Sizing==
To completely capture linear flow travelling along a gutter perpendicular to a curb inlet, the inlet must be of width::
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To completely capture linear flow travelling along a gutter perpendicular to a curb inlet, the inlet must be of width<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highways Administration. 2013. “URBAN DRAINAGE DESIGN MANUAL.” https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/10009/10009.pdf.[[File:USFHWA 2009.pdf|view here]]</ref>:
 
<math>W_T=0.817Q^{0.42}S_{0}^{0.3}\left (\frac{1}{nS_{x}}\right)^{0.6}</math>
 
<math>W_T=0.817Q^{0.42}S_{0}^{0.3}\left (\frac{1}{nS_{x}}\right)^{0.6}</math>
  
 
{{Plainlist|1=Where:
 
{{Plainlist|1=Where:
*''W<sub>T</sub>'' is the width of the inlet in m,  
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*''W<sub>T</sub>'' is the total width of inlet for complete capture (m),  
*''Q'' is the flow perpendicular to the inlet in m<sup>3</sup?/s
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*''Q'' is the design flow perpendicular to the inlet (m<sup>3</sup>/s)
*''S<sub>0</sub>'' is the longitudinal slope
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*''S<sub>0</sub>'' is the longitudinal slope ratio
*''n'' is Manning's 'n' (between 0.012 and 0.016 for concrete, depending on surface treatment),  
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*''n'' is Manning's 'n' (between 0.012 and 0.016 for concrete, depending on surface treatment), and
*''S<sub>x</sub>'' is the cross slope}}
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*''S<sub>x</sub>'' is the cross slope ratio (typically between 0.015 and 0.04)}}
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The value obtained for total inlet width (''W<sub>T</sub>'') can then be divided by the chosen number of inlets to determine the required width of each individual curb cut inlet.  Curb cut inlets draining roadways should be a minimum of 0.45 m in width and are typically no wider than 1.5 m.  The chosen number of inlets may be adjusted up or down to ensure individual inlet widths are within this range.
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Where the available space for curb cuts is constrained and a greater flow into the BMP is desired, the effective cross slope (''S<sub>x</sub>'')  may be increased by adding a depressed concrete apron.
  
Where the intention is to capture only a proportion of the flow, the ratio of flow entering the curb inlet may be calculated::
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Where the intention is to capture only a portion of flow from the design storm event, the proportion of flow entering the curb inlet under such conditions may be calculated:
 
<math>R_c=1-\left ( 1-\frac{W}{W_T} \right )^{1.8}</math>
 
<math>R_c=1-\left ( 1-\frac{W}{W_T} \right )^{1.8}</math>
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 +
{{Plainlist|1=Where:
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*''R<sub>c</sub>'' is the proportion of flow entering the curb cut, and
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*''W'' is the available curb cut width (m)}}
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==Example==
 
==Example==
A curb cut of 3 m is proposed as an inlet for an offline bioretention cell receiving runoff from an adjacent roadway. The gutter and the curb are made from smooth concrete with Manning's 'n' = 0.013. The x-slope is 3% and the longitudinal slope of the road is 2%. The design storm produces flow of 0.08 m<sup>3</sup>/s.  
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Three (3) curb cut inlets of 1 m width each, representing a total curb cut width of 3 m, are proposed for an offline [[Bioretention|bioretention cell]] receiving runoff from an adjacent roadway. The gutter and the curb are made from smooth concrete with Manning's 'n' = 0.013. The cross slope ratio is 3% and the longitudinal slope of the road is 2%. The 1 in 25 year design storm produces a peak flow of 0.08 m<sup>3</sup>/s from the road drainage area.  
  
The width of inlet to capture 100% of this flow is::
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The total width of curb cut inlets required to capture 100% of this flow is:
 
<math>W_T=0.817\times(0.08)^{0.42}\times(0.02)^{0.3}\left (\frac{1}{0.013\times0.03}\right)^{0.6}=9.71\ m</math>
 
<math>W_T=0.817\times(0.08)^{0.42}\times(0.02)^{0.3}\left (\frac{1}{0.013\times0.03}\right)^{0.6}=9.71\ m</math>
 
   
 
   
The proportion of water entering the bioretention cell under these flow conditions would be::
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The proportion of water entering the bioretention cell under peak flow conditions during the design storm event would be:
 
<math>R_c=1-\left ( 1-\frac{3}{9.71} \right )^{1.8}= 0.48</math>
 
<math>R_c=1-\left ( 1-\frac{3}{9.71} \right )^{1.8}= 0.48</math>
  
48% of the 0.08 m<sup>3</sup>/s flow would enter the bioretenteion cell through the inlet as designed.  
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So only 48% of the 0.08 m<sup>3</sup>/s (i.e. 0.038 m<sup>3</sup>/s) would enter the bioretention cell through the inlets as designed.
  
==Curb cuts Gallery==
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==Curb cuts gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" widths=300px heights=300px>
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{{:Curb cuts: Gallery}}
LSRCA curb.jpg| Curb cut used as a controlled overflow route from permeable paving to a bioretention facility with monitoring well, Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, Newmarket, ON
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----
Curb cut CNT.jpg| Curb cut into a bioretention facility in Hinsdale, IL. <br>Decorative aggregate in the center of the facility reduces erosion and dissipates power inflow around the inlet area. A monitoring/maintenance well can be seen in the foreground. <br>[[Acknowledgements| Photo credit: CNT]]
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[[category: Calculations]]
Curb cut AV.jpg | Curb cut into a bioretention facility in Brown Deer, WI.  <br>Aggregate is used to reduce erosion around the inlet area. <br>[[Acknowledgements| Photo credit: Aaron Volkening]]
 
</gallery>
 
  
[[category: modeling]]
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==References==

Latest revision as of 21:45, 23 October 2023

Overview[edit]

Curb cuts are a form of LID/BMP inlet. They include a variety of modified curbs and spillways.
They are well suited to retrofit scenarios and to collect runoff from catchments with relatively gentle longitudinal slope, and/or a greater cross slope. This might be the local topography of a parking lot or a piece of parkland.

As this inlet width is directly proportional to longitudinal slope; the required curb cut width increases rapidly on steeper roads.
Standard width (450 mm), as included in Ontario Provincial Standard Drawings (OPSDs) should be compared to and modified for the flow requirements of the practice.

The Ontario Provincial Standard Drawing (OPSD) collection for curb cuts
Flow direction From asphalt curb and gutter From concrete curb and gutter From either asphalt or concrete outlet
30 to 45 degree 605.020 [1] 605.010 [1] 605.040 Asphalt Spillways [1]
90 degree 604.020 [1] 604.010 [1] 605.040 Asphalt Spillways [1]

Sizing[edit]

To completely capture linear flow travelling along a gutter perpendicular to a curb inlet, the inlet must be of width[2]:

Where:

  • WT is the total width of inlet for complete capture (m),
  • Q is the design flow perpendicular to the inlet (m3/s)
  • S0 is the longitudinal slope ratio
  • n is Manning's 'n' (between 0.012 and 0.016 for concrete, depending on surface treatment), and
  • Sx is the cross slope ratio (typically between 0.015 and 0.04)

The value obtained for total inlet width (WT) can then be divided by the chosen number of inlets to determine the required width of each individual curb cut inlet. Curb cut inlets draining roadways should be a minimum of 0.45 m in width and are typically no wider than 1.5 m. The chosen number of inlets may be adjusted up or down to ensure individual inlet widths are within this range.

Where the available space for curb cuts is constrained and a greater flow into the BMP is desired, the effective cross slope (Sx) may be increased by adding a depressed concrete apron.

Where the intention is to capture only a portion of flow from the design storm event, the proportion of flow entering the curb inlet under such conditions may be calculated:

Where:

  • Rc is the proportion of flow entering the curb cut, and
  • W is the available curb cut width (m)

Example[edit]

Three (3) curb cut inlets of 1 m width each, representing a total curb cut width of 3 m, are proposed for an offline bioretention cell receiving runoff from an adjacent roadway. The gutter and the curb are made from smooth concrete with Manning's 'n' = 0.013. The cross slope ratio is 3% and the longitudinal slope of the road is 2%. The 1 in 25 year design storm produces a peak flow of 0.08 m3/s from the road drainage area.

The total width of curb cut inlets required to capture 100% of this flow is:

The proportion of water entering the bioretention cell under peak flow conditions during the design storm event would be:

So only 48% of the 0.08 m3/s (i.e. 0.038 m3/s) would enter the bioretention cell through the inlets as designed.

Curb cuts gallery[edit]


References[edit]