Difference between revisions of "Bioswales: Performance"

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<p>While few field studies of the pollutant removal capacity of bioswales are available from cold climate regions like Ontario, it can be assumed that they would perform similar to [[bioretention cells]]. Bioretention provides effective removal for many pollutants as a result of sedimentation, filtering, plant uptake, soil adsorption, and microbial processes. It is important to note that there is a relationship between the water balance and water quality functions. If a bioswale infiltrates and evaporates 100% of the flow from a site, then there is essentially no pollution leaving the site in surface runoff.  Furthermore, treatment of infiltrated runoff will continue to occur as it moves through the native soils. </p>
+
While few field studies of the pollutant removal capacity of bioswales are available from cold climate regions like Ontario, it can be assumed that they would perform similar to [[bioretention cells]].
<div class="col-md-8">
+
Bioretention provides effective removal for many pollutants as a result of sedimentation, filtering, plant uptake, soil adsorption, and microbial processes. It is important to note that there is a relationship between the water balance and water quality functions.
<table table class="table table-condensed table-striped">
+
If a bioswale infiltrates and evaporates 100% of the flow from a site, then there is essentially no pollution leaving the site in surface runoff.  Furthermore, treatment of infiltrated runoff will continue to occur as it moves through the native soils.  
    <tr class=success>
+
 
        <th class="text-center">Design</th>
+
{|class="wikitable"
        <th class="text-center">Location</th>
+
|+Volumetric runoff reduction from bioswales
        <th class="text-center">Runoff reduction</th>
+
|-
    </tr>
+
!'''LID Practice'''
    <tr>
+
!'''Location'''
        <td class="text-center">No underdrain</td>
+
!'''<u><span title="Note: Runoff reduction estimates are based on differences in runoff volume between the practice and a conventional impervious surface over the period of monitoring." >Runoff Reduction*</span></u>'''
        <td class="text-center">Washington</td>
+
!'''Reference'''
        <td class="text-center">98 %</td>
+
|-
    </tr>
+
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Bioswale without underdrain
    <tr>
+
|style="text-align: center;" |Washington
        <td class="text-center">No underdrain</td>
+
|style="text-align: center;" |98%
        <td class="text-center">United Kingdom</td>
+
|style="text-align: center;" |Horner et al. (2003)<ref>Horner RR, Lim H, Burges SJ. HYDROLOGIC MONITORING OF THE SEATTLE ULTRA-URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PROJECTS: SUMMARY OF THE 2000-2003 WATER YEARS. Seattle; 2004. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.365.8665&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Accessed August 11, 2017.</ref>
        <td class="text-center">94 %</td>
+
|-
    </tr>
+
|style="text-align: center;" |Scotland
    <tr>
+
|style="text-align: center;" |94%
        <td class="text-center">With underdrain</td>
+
|style="text-align: center;" |Jefferies (2005)<ref>Jefferies, C. 2004. Sustainable drainage systems in Scotland: the monitoring programme. Scottish Universities SUDS Monitoring Project. Dundee, Scotland. https://www.climatescan.nl/uploads/projects/8126/files/1277/SNIFFERSR_02_51MainReport.pdf</ref>
        <td class="text-center">Maryland</td>
+
|-
        <td class="text-center">46 - 54 %</td>
+
|rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Bioswale with Underdrain
    </tr>
+
|style="text-align: center;" |Maryland
    <tr>
+
|style="text-align: center;" |46 to 54%
        <td colspan=2 class="text-right"><strong>Runoff reduction estimate</strong></td>
+
|style="text-align: center;" |Stagge (2006)<ref>Stagge, J. 2006. Field evaluation of hydrologic and water quality benefits of grass swales for managing highway runoff. Master of Science Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland. https://drum.lib.umd.edu/items/42be6ce6-e4ef-4162-a991-c273607d422d</ref>
        <td class="text-center"><strong>85 %</strong></td>
+
|-
    </tr>
+
|rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | Bioretention without underdrain
</table>
+
|style="text-align: center;" |China
</div>
+
|style="text-align: center;" |'''<span title="Note: Runoff reduction estimates are based on SWMM and RECARGA models applied to generate the runoff reduction percentages of a bioretention installation near one of China's and  expressway service area.">85 to 100%*</span>'''
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |Gao, ''et al.'' (2018)<ref>Gao, J., Pan, J., Hu, N. and Xie, C., 2018. Hydrologic performance of bioretention in an expressway service area. Water Science and Technology, 77(7), pp.1829-1837.</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |Connecticut
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |99%
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |Dietz and Clausen (2005) <ref>Dietz, M.E. and J.C. Clausen. 2005. A field evaluation of rain garden flow and pollutant treatment. Water Air and Soil Pollution. Vol. 167. No. 2. pp. 201-208. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.365.9417&rep=rep1&type=pdf</ref>  
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |Pennsylvania
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |80%
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |Ermilio (2005)<ref>Ermilio, J.F., 2005. Characterization study of a bio-infiltration stormwater BMP (Doctoral dissertation, Villanova University). https://www1.villanova.edu/content/dam/villanova/engineering/vcase/vusp/Ermilio-Thesis06.pdf</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |Pennsylvania
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |70%
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |Emerson and Traver (2004)<ref>Emerson, C., Traver, R. 2004. The Villanova Bio-infiltration Traffic Island: Project Overview. Proceedings of 2004 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress (EWRI/ASCE). Salt Lake City, Utah, June 22 – July 1, 2004. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/book/10.1061/9780784407370</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | Bioretention with underdrain
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |Ontario
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |64%
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |CVC (2020)<ref> Credit Valley Conservation. 2020. IMAX Low Impact Development Feature Performance Assessment. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2022/03/rpt_IMAXreport_f_20220222.pdf</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |Maryland and North Carolina
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |20 to 50%
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |Li ''et al.'' (2009) <ref>Li, H., Sharkey, L.J., Hunt, W.F., and Davis, A.P. 2009. Mitigation of Impervious Surface Hydrology Using Bioretention in North Carolina and Maryland. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering. Vol. 14. No. 4. pp. 407-415.</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |North Carolina
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |40 to 60%
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |Smith and Hunt (2007)<ref>Smith, R and W. Hunt. 2007. Pollutant removals in bioretention cells with grass cover. Proceedings 2nd National Low Impact Development Conference. Wilmington, NC. March 13-15, 2007.</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |North Carolina
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |33 to 50%
 +
|style="text-align: center;" |Hunt and Lord (2006) <ref>Hunt, W.F. and Lord, W.G. 2006. Bioretention Performance, Design, Construction, and Maintenance. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Bulletin. Urban Waterways Series. AG-588-5. North Carolina State University. Raleigh, NC.</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |'''<u><span title="Note: This estimate is provided only for the purpose of initial screening of LID practices suitable for achieving stormwater management objectives and targets.  Performance of individual facilities will vary depending on site specific contexts and facility design parameters and should be estimated as part of the design process and submitted with other documentation for review by the approval authority." >Runoff Reduction Estimate*</span></u>'''
 +
|colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |'''85% without underdrain;'''
 +
'''45% with underdrain'''
 +
|-
 +
|}

Latest revision as of 14:39, 24 May 2023

While few field studies of the pollutant removal capacity of bioswales are available from cold climate regions like Ontario, it can be assumed that they would perform similar to bioretention cells. Bioretention provides effective removal for many pollutants as a result of sedimentation, filtering, plant uptake, soil adsorption, and microbial processes. It is important to note that there is a relationship between the water balance and water quality functions. If a bioswale infiltrates and evaporates 100% of the flow from a site, then there is essentially no pollution leaving the site in surface runoff. Furthermore, treatment of infiltrated runoff will continue to occur as it moves through the native soils.

Volumetric runoff reduction from bioswales
LID Practice Location Runoff Reduction* Reference
Bioswale without underdrain Washington 98% Horner et al. (2003)[1]
Scotland 94% Jefferies (2005)[2]
Bioswale with Underdrain Maryland 46 to 54% Stagge (2006)[3]
Bioretention without underdrain China 85 to 100%* Gao, et al. (2018)[4]
Connecticut 99% Dietz and Clausen (2005) [5]
Pennsylvania 80% Ermilio (2005)[6]
Pennsylvania 70% Emerson and Traver (2004)[7]
Bioretention with underdrain
Ontario 64% CVC (2020)[8]
Maryland and North Carolina 20 to 50% Li et al. (2009) [9]
North Carolina 40 to 60% Smith and Hunt (2007)[10]
North Carolina 33 to 50% Hunt and Lord (2006) [11]
Runoff Reduction Estimate* 85% without underdrain;

45% with underdrain

  1. Horner RR, Lim H, Burges SJ. HYDROLOGIC MONITORING OF THE SEATTLE ULTRA-URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PROJECTS: SUMMARY OF THE 2000-2003 WATER YEARS. Seattle; 2004. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.365.8665&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Accessed August 11, 2017.
  2. Jefferies, C. 2004. Sustainable drainage systems in Scotland: the monitoring programme. Scottish Universities SUDS Monitoring Project. Dundee, Scotland. https://www.climatescan.nl/uploads/projects/8126/files/1277/SNIFFERSR_02_51MainReport.pdf
  3. Stagge, J. 2006. Field evaluation of hydrologic and water quality benefits of grass swales for managing highway runoff. Master of Science Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland. https://drum.lib.umd.edu/items/42be6ce6-e4ef-4162-a991-c273607d422d
  4. Gao, J., Pan, J., Hu, N. and Xie, C., 2018. Hydrologic performance of bioretention in an expressway service area. Water Science and Technology, 77(7), pp.1829-1837.
  5. Dietz, M.E. and J.C. Clausen. 2005. A field evaluation of rain garden flow and pollutant treatment. Water Air and Soil Pollution. Vol. 167. No. 2. pp. 201-208. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.365.9417&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  6. Ermilio, J.F., 2005. Characterization study of a bio-infiltration stormwater BMP (Doctoral dissertation, Villanova University). https://www1.villanova.edu/content/dam/villanova/engineering/vcase/vusp/Ermilio-Thesis06.pdf
  7. Emerson, C., Traver, R. 2004. The Villanova Bio-infiltration Traffic Island: Project Overview. Proceedings of 2004 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress (EWRI/ASCE). Salt Lake City, Utah, June 22 – July 1, 2004. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/book/10.1061/9780784407370
  8. Credit Valley Conservation. 2020. IMAX Low Impact Development Feature Performance Assessment. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2022/03/rpt_IMAXreport_f_20220222.pdf
  9. Li, H., Sharkey, L.J., Hunt, W.F., and Davis, A.P. 2009. Mitigation of Impervious Surface Hydrology Using Bioretention in North Carolina and Maryland. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering. Vol. 14. No. 4. pp. 407-415.
  10. Smith, R and W. Hunt. 2007. Pollutant removals in bioretention cells with grass cover. Proceedings 2nd National Low Impact Development Conference. Wilmington, NC. March 13-15, 2007.
  11. Hunt, W.F. and Lord, W.G. 2006. Bioretention Performance, Design, Construction, and Maintenance. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Bulletin. Urban Waterways Series. AG-588-5. North Carolina State University. Raleigh, NC.