Stormwater Tree Trenches

A Stormwater tree trench with structural concrete panels and soil cells. A structural concrete panel configuration features reinforced concrete panels supported by concrete footings and rows of modular soil support structures. Modular soil support structure rows are installed on layers of compacted aggregate material and filled with growing medium. Benefits of this configuration are improved adaptability around utilities, improved ease of utility access and repair tasks, and greater soil volume achieved per unit area compared to modular soil support- and structural soil medium-filled trench configurations. Preventing compaction of underlying native subgrade soil in the area between the aggregate base layer rows provides greater opportunity for drainage via infiltration. Note: The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.

Overview

Stormwater tree trenches are linear tree planting structures that feature supported impermeable or permeable pavements that promote healthy tree growth while also helping to manage runoff. They are often located behind the curb within the road right-of-way and consist of subsurface trenches filled with modular structures and growing medium, or structurally engineered soil medium, supporting an overlying sidewalk pavement. They improve tree health by providing access to soil, air and stormwater for irrigation, allowing them to survive longer in harsh urban conditions.

They also provide road and walkway drainage, contribute to stormwater pollutant removal and decrease the volume of urban runoff entering local waterways. They feature trees, soil, stormwater inlet and outlet structures, distribution and drainage pipes, and may include soil support structures, structural soil medium or structural concrete panels (as seen in the image map to the right). The tree planting pits and adjacent supported sidewalk pavements provide more soil volume for tree growth and water retention.

Take a look at the downloadable Stormwater Tree Trenches Fact Sheet below for a .pdf overview of this LID Best Management Practice:

Stormwater tree trench installations include:

• Overlying impermeable or permeable pavements
• Trees (tolerant to northern. urban conditions)
• Planting soil
• Modular soil support or "soil cell" structures (optional)
• Structural soil (optional)
• Structural concrete panels (optional)
• Stormwater inlet and outlet structures
• Distribution and drainage pipes
• Choker layer (optional)
• Geogrid and geotextile (optional)
• Aggregate base

Stomwater tree trenches are ideal for:

• Sites with limited space for other surface stormwater BMPs that also possess primarily impermeable coverage (i.e. a municipality's "right-of-way", which includes the edge between private/public property, roadways, sidewalks and utility service land use)
• Areas with limited greenspace
• Projects with high traffic loads (pedestrian and vehicular), laneways, pedestrian plazas and walkways

Additional components may include:

• Internal water storage layer
• Distribution and underdrain pipe access and clean-out features
• Monitoring well screened within internal water storage layer
• Root barriers in locations where tree rooting is not desired

Planning considerations

A commonly held view is that a tree's root system will be similar to it's visible crown. For many trees, this is not the case, as roots will more often spread much more widely, but to a shallower depth . For more detailed information on planning (site) considerations see Bioretention.

Site Topography

Contributing slopes should be between 1-5%. The bottom of the trench and distribution pipes should be graded flat to allow water to spread out.

Planting in slopes

Smooth slopes should be amended into localized terraces by the Landscape Architect when planting large trees into slopes > 5 %. . Contributing slopes should be between 1-5%. The bottom of the trench and distribution pipes should be graded flat to allow water to spread out.

Wellhead Protection

Facilities receiving road or parking lot runoff should not be located within 2 year time-of-travel wellhead protection areas.

Water Table

Maintaining a separation of 1 m between the elevations of the bottom of the trench and the seasonally high water table, or top of bedrock, is recommended. Lesser or greater values may be considered based on groundwater mounding analysis. See Groundwater for further guidance and spreadsheet tool.

Soil

Tree trenches can be constructed over any soil type, but hydrologic soil group A and B are best for achieving water balance objectives. Facilities designed to infiltrate water should be located on portions of the site with the highest infiltration rates. Native soil infiltration rate at the proposed location and depth should be confirmed through in-situ measurements of hydraulic conductivity under field saturated conditions.

Drainage Area

Typical contributing drainage areas are between 150-300 m2 per tree, with a maximum of 450 m2 per tree.

Setback from Buildings

Tree trenches should be set back from the building far enough to allow for the tree canopy to grow to a healthy, mature size, depending on the species selected. A minimum setback of 4 m from buildings is recommended.

Overhead Wires

Tree trenches should be implemented with caution under overhead wires. If overhead wires conflict with proposed tree trench locations, check the height of existing wires, and choose small form trees that will not grow tall enough to interfere with wires.

Pollution Hot Spot Runoff

Tree trenches receiving road or parking lot runoff are not recommended in these areas.

Proximity to Underground Utilities

Designers should consult local utility design guidance for the horizontal and vertical clearances required.

Karst

Tree trenches designed to drain primarily by infiltration are unsuitable in areas of known or implied karst topography.

Design

A surface inlet configuration featuring a depressed drain routing water collected from the street to an enclosed area infiltrating water to soil cells underneath.

Things to consider in design:

• If the trench is unlined it is hydraulically similar to a full- or partial-infiltration design bioretention cell and should provide similar water quality benefits.
• If the trench features an impermeable liner and underdrain it is hydraulically similar to a large stormwater planter or no-infiltration design bioretention cell and should provide similar water quality benefits.
• Depending on design details tree trenches may retain a significant volume of stormwater within the planting soil and internal water storage layer and provide runoff volume reduction benefit.

Geometry and Site Layout

Tree trenches are often modular systems connected hydrologically through sub-surface stormwater distribution and drainage pipes. Road runoff may be directed to the trench via curb cuts or depressed drains located at tree openings.

Inlets

Water can enter the tree trench in a variety of ways: from the overlying sidewalk via sheet flow or curb cuts into tree openings, trench drains or infiltration through permeable pavement; and from the road via distribution pipes connected to road or side inlet catch basins and curb cuts or depressed drains at tree openings. It is recommended that each tree trench have multiple inlets to keep the contributing drainage area relatively small, which provides redundancy to the system. Inlet structures and distribution pipes should be offset from tree root ball locations to avoid impact of de-icing salt laden runoff on newly planted trees during establishment.

Pre-Treatment

If water enters the trench via a catch basin, a removable pre-treatment device, like a Goss trap or proprietary catch basin insert device or filter should be included to help retain coarse sediment, debris and floatables and prevent it from entering the pipe or trench. Inlet structures should have a sump and curb cut inlets should include stone diaphragms or stone mulch to dissipate energy and spread flows. Pre-treatment features should be easy to access and clean.

Soil Volume

Each tree planted should have access to a minimum 30 m³ of soil volume, including the growing medium within the tree pit and growing or structural soil medium below adjacent supported pavement. If more than one tree shares the same trench a minimum 20 m³ of soil per tree may be acceptable.

Modular Soil Support Systems

Modular soil support systems (also referred to as “soil cells”) consist of plastic or concrete structures, available in a variety of shapes and sizes, that provide structural support for the overlying pavement while providing uncompacted planting soil within the tree root zone. They are installed adjacent to tree pits to provide room for roots to spread out under the supported pavement portion of the trench. Growing medium backfill typically has higher organic matter content than structural soil medium. The looser structure and higher nutrient content of the growing medium provides the most favorable environment for healthy tree growth in an urban setting. Critical to modular soil support system design is that each structure or layer of structures be independent of all adjacent ones, such that one or multiple layers can be removed to facilitate future utility installation or repair.

A profile view of a cast in place catch basin with sump, along with an attached Goss trap, used to trap and limit the amount of floatable materials, debris oils, hydrocarbons, etc. from entering the municipality's storm sewer system. This pre-treatment device attaches to the catch basin's outflow pipe. This image was sourced from the City of Toronto's Construction Specifications and Drawings for Sewers and Watermains.

Structural Soil Medium

Structural soil is an engineered soil medium that can be compacted to support sidewalk or roadway pavement installation requirements while also permitting tree root growth. Structural soil medium filled trenches are installed adjacent to tree pits to provide room for tree roots to spread out under the supported pavement portion of the tree trench.

Structural Concrete Panels

Trenches where the overlying pavement consists of structural concrete panels supported on each side by concrete footings and rows of modular soil support structures installed on aggregate bases is another configuration. The benefit of this approach is that the native subgrade soil under the portions of the trench below tree pits and between rows of supports does not need to be highly compacted, allowing greater opportunity for drainage via infiltration (see image map within the 'Overview' section of this page).

Conveyance and Overflow

Runoff is directed from overlying and adjacent pavements to the trench through such means as tree openings, perforated distribution pipes connected to catchbasins or trench drains, or curb cuts and depressed drains to tree openings. Runoff water percolates through the growing or structural soil medium to the underlying native subgrade soil. When runoff volume exceeds the trench water storage capacity, the perforated underdrain pipe directs excess filtered water to a downstream outlet storm sewer or other practice. During intense storm events, runoff in excess of the infiltration capacity of the growing or structural soil medium will overflow to the storm sewer either through an outlet pipe connection in the catch basin or via surface overflow standpipes or structures within tree openings.

Configuration

Structural concrete panel and modular soil support system trench configurations should provide a better growing environment for trees, and thereby improve tree longevity. Structural soil medium and structural concrete panel trench configurations provide the benefits of being more adaptable to being fit around utilities or existing trees and provide easier access to utilities when repairs are needed.

Distribution and Underdrain pipes

To maximize the quantity of growing or structural soil medium irrigated, distribution pipes should be installed flat, just below modular soil support tops or at the top of the structural soil media layer and in both tree pit and supported pavement portions of the trench. Pipe perforations should be oriented to the sides and section ends should be sealed with a solid cap. To enhance runoff volume reduction underdrain pipes can be installed above the bottom of the trench and/or include flow control. Alternatively, the underdrain pipe may be installed on trench bottom and connected to a riser assembly in the outlet manhole. It is critical to include connections to outlet storm sewer pipes and multiple cleanout access points.

Variations of Stormwater Tree Trenches

Below, find three alternate stormwater tree trench design configurations that differ by native subgrade soil permeability, structural support systems used (modular soil cell systems vs. structural soil medium) and elevation of the underdrain perforated pipe in the cross-section based on subgrade soil permeability.

Tree trench with soil cells on low permeability subsoil - This tree trench configuration possess low permeability soil (Soil groups C or D), along with a clean-out stand pipe for the underdrain, which is placed lower in the feature to allow water to infiltrate into the system and remove contaminants from the road/sidewalk before being taken up by the tree or transported out of the feature and back into the storm sewer system. It also includes soil cells or 'modular soil support systems'. Note: The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.

Tree trench with soil cells on high permeability subsoil - This tree trench configuration possess high permeability soil (Soil groups A or B) and possesses a stand pipe/clean-out for the underdrain, which is placed higher in the feature to allow for further infiltration into underlying native soil below. This configuration also includes a monitoring well to monitor water level in the feature below the aggregate line at the bottom of the feature. It also contains soil cells similar to the low permeability configuration. Note: The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.

Tree Trench with structural soil medium on high permeability subsoil - This tree trench configuration possess high permeability soil, but instead of soil cells this tree trench contains a structural soil medium. Once water has percolated through the soil to the perforated underdrain it is then transported out of the feature and back into the storm sewer system. This configuration also includes a monitoring well below the aggregate line at the bottom of the feature. Note: The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.

Specifications for Stormwater Tree Trenches

Material	Specification
Growing Medium	Should be Canadian Soil Classification System sandy loam with combined silt- and clay-sized content between 18-35%; and sand- to fine gravel-sized content (0.074 to 5 mm dia.) between 65-82%. pH value (6.0 - 8.0). Salt level < 2 mmhos/cm. Percent organic matter shall be 3-5%, by dry weight. Growing medium compacted to 80-90% below the tree root ball to prevent settling. Bioretention filter media may be suitable for use as growing medium, depending on climate and tree species (see Bioretention: Filter media).
Modular Soil Support System	Structures are designed to be filled with growing medium for tree rooting and support a vehicle loaded pavement up to and including AASHTO H-20 and Ontario Building Code standards for sidewalks. Critical to modular soil support system design is that each structure or layer of structures be independent of all adjacent ones, such that one or multiple layers can be removed to facilitate future utility installation or repair.
Structural Soil Medium	Structural soils are installed in the trench adjacent to tree planting pits under permeable or impermeable pavements. Structural soils consist of 3 components, mixed in the following proportions by weight: crushed stone (79.07%), clay loam soil (20%), and hydrogel tackifier (0.03%). Total moisture at mixing should be 10% as per AASHTO T-99 optimum moisture. Crushed stone (granite or limestone) should be narrowly graded from 20 to 40 mm diameter, highly angular with no fines. The clay loam soil should conform to the Canadian soil classification system (gravel <5%, sand 25-30%, silt 20-40%, clay 25-40%). Organic matter should range between 2 to 5% by dry weight. The hydrogel, a potassium propenoate-propenamide copolymer, is added in a small amount to act as a tackifier, preventing separation of the stone and soil during mixing and installation. Mixing can be done on a paved surface using front end loaders. Typically the stone is spread in a layer, the dry hydrogel is spread evenly on top and the screened moist clay loam soil is the top layer. Them entire pile is turned and mixed until a uniform blend is produced. The structural soil is then installed and compacted in 150 mm lifts.
Structural Concrete Panel	Structural concrete panel is 250 mm thick, contains rebar reinforcements and sits on equal-sized concrete footing supports on rows of modular soil support structures or structural soil medium, which are supported by a minimum 150 mm base of compacted granular material. Decompact native subgrade soil under tree openings and between granular bases of modular soil support structure rows during installation for better infiltration drainage performance.
Aggregate Base	Aggregates are used in modular soil support systems below the structures as the trench base layer, and sometimes, on top of the structures, as the pavement base layer. Specifications for aggregate base materials determined by the designing Engineer based on varying levels of structural loading and hydraulic requirements.
Geotextile & Geogrid	Geotextile, geogrid or combinations are typically used on top of modular soil support structures and along the sides of the trench to separate growing or structural soil mediums from native soil or aggregate backfill. Geotextile and geogrid should not be installed on sides adjacent to pervious landscaped areas to provide opportunities for tree roots to grow outside the trench in these locations. Geotextile material specifications should conform to Ontario Provincial Standard Specification (OPSS) 1860 for Class II geotextile fabrics. Geotextile, geogrid or combination products in contact with modular soil support system structures should be according to manufacturer’s specifications. Geotextile installed on tree trench sides and around perforated distribution and underdrain pipes should be woven monofilament or non-woven needle punched fabrics. Woven slit film and non-woven heat bonded fabrics should not be used as they are prone to clogging. Where a root barrier is needed to prevent the migration of roots out of the tree trench, use impermeable ribbed barrier material with a thickness of 1-2 mm.
Underdrain	Should be minimum 150 mm dia. perforated HDPE or equivalent material, smooth interior wall and continuously perforated with geotextile sock. A solid standpipe connected to the underdrain pipe and extending to the growing medium or pavement surface can be used for inspection and maintenance access. The top of the standpipe should be covered with a sealable cap or plug and secured with a vandal-proof fastener.
Stormwater Distribution Pipe	Perforated pipe should be minimum 150 mm dia. rigid, smooth interior wall HDPE or PVC with perforations on sides, wrapped with geotextile sock, with capacity and perforation specifications confirmed by the designing Engineer based on hydraulic requirements. Solid pipe from inlet structures should transition to perforated pipe once 300 mm inside the trench.

Inspection and Maintenance

Tree trenches have fewer maintenance requirements than bioretention cells or bioswales, but maintenance is still critical to their success. The most critical maintenance task is the removal of trash, sediment and debris accumulated in inlet structure sumps, gravel diaphragms and tree openings at curb cuts. This should be done at least once per year, however the frequency will depend on pavement uses, traffic volumes and tree canopy size. Inspect new trenches closely during the first two years of operation to measure the rate of accumulation and set an optimal maintenance frequency.

Underdrains and distribution pipes within the tree trench must be designed for ease of maintenance. Pipe couplings should be no greater than 45 degrees to allow inspection and cleaning equipment to access it, with enough cleanout access standpipes or structures to access the full length of the pipe.

Tree care is also an important part of tree trench maintenance. Provide regular irrigation and weed control in the tree openings until newly planted trees are fully established. Prune trees as needed once established to prevent safety hazards to pedestrians, overhead utility lines, and adjacent buildings. Monitor trees for damage by insects and other pests and replace trees that are in decline. A tree trench containing a diseased or dying tree is not a fully functional practice.

See further details here: Stormwater Tree Trenches: Maintenance

Common Urban Stormwater Tree Species

Latin Name	Common Name
Ulmus americana	American Elm
Acer x freemanii	Freeman’s Maple
Alnus incana	White Alder
Celtis occidentalis	Hackberry
Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis	Thornless Honeylocust
Gymnocladus dioicus	Kentucky Coffeetree
Quercus bicolor	White Oak
Quercus macrocarpa	Burr Oak
Quercus rubra	Red Oak

Benefits of Trees

Stormwater Tree Trenches help support healthy street trees in urban settings where conventional plantings have limited space for root establishment. Trees play a critical role in stormwater management from reducing runoff through canopy interception, evapotranspiration, filtering out pollutants, and increasing infiltration capacity of soils, to retaining runoff. Trees also provide a myriad other environmental benefits, from shading impervious surfaces and thereby reducing urban heat island effects, to providing wildlife habitat and improving the aesthetics of streets and neighbourhoods. Research has shown that healthy trees increase property values, retail spending and contribute to a sense of community pride and safety.

At right is a list of trees that are known to tolerate conditions in northern (Zone 3) urban stormwater tree trenches.

Species selection

For a detailed overview with in-depth considerations for species selection please visit our plant selection and tree species wiki pages providing guidance for developing planting plans.

Performance

To read about the use of soil cell systems in the GTA please take a look at the following STEP report on the Queensway Sustainable Sidewalk Pilot Project. The project found that Stormwater Tree Trenches are not only able to increase the urban street canopy coverage, while impacting minimal surface area below, but numerous stormwater benefits associated with TSS removal and heavy metal contaminant removal. Finally, the study found that the feature was also able to reduce stormwater volumes leaving the street tree system and promoted increased LID use in a heavily urbanized setting without increased maintenance costs associated with other daylighted bioretention swales.

Ability for Stormwater Tree Trenches to Meet Stormwater Management Objectives

BMP	Water Balance	Water Quality	Erosion Control
Stormwater Tree Trench	Partial-based on on native soil infiltration rate and if flow restrictor is used	Yes-size for water quality storage requirement	Partial-based on native soil infiltration rate, available storage and if flow restrictor is used

Volumetric runoff reduction from bioretention

LID Practice	Location	Runoff Reduction*	Reference
Bioretention without underdrain	Connecticut	99%	Dietz and Clausen (2005)
	Pennsylvania	80%	Ermilio (2005)
	Pennsylvania	70%	Emerson and Traver (2004)
	China	85 to 100%*	Gao, et al. (2018)
Bioretention with underdrain
	Texas	82%*	Mahmoud, et al. (2019)
	Virginia	97 to 99%	DeBusk and Wynn (2011)
	China	35 to 75%*	Gao, et al. (2018)
	North Carolina	40 to 60%	Smith and Hunt (2007)
	North Carolina	33 to 50%	Hunt and Lord (2006).
	Maryland and North Carolina	20 to 50%	Li et al. (2009).
	Ohio	36 to 59%	Winston et al. (2016).
Bioretention with underdrain & liner
	Ontario	15 to 34%	STEP (2019)
	Maryland	49 to 58%	Davis (2008).
	Queensland, Australia	33 to 84%	Lucke and Nichols (2015).
	Victoria, Australia	15 to 83%	Hatt et al. (2009).
Runoff Reduction Estimate*		85% without underdrain; 45% with underdrain | 30% with underdrain and liner

Interception

Tree canopies intercept and store rainfall, thereby modifying stormwater runoff and reducing demands on urban stormwater infrastructure (Xiao et al., 1998; Xiao et al., 2000; Xiao and McPherson, 2002; Xiao et al., 2006). Canopy interception reduces both the actual runoff volumes, and delays the onset of peak flows (Davey Resource Group, 2008).

The extent of interception is influenced by a number of factors including tree architecture and it has been estimated that a typical medium-sized canopy tree can intercept as much as 9000 litres of rainfall year. (Crockford and Richardson, 2000).

A study of rainfall interception by street and park trees in Santa Monica, California found that interception rates varied by tree species and size, with broadleaf evergreen trees provided the most rainfall interception (Xiao and McPherson, 2002). Rainfall interception was found to range from 15.3% for a small jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia) to 66.5% for a mature brush box (Tristania conferta now known as Lophostemon confertus). Over the city as a whole the trees intercepted 1.6% of annual precipitation and the researchers calculated that the annual value of avoided stormwater treatment and flood control costs associated with this reduced runoff was US$110,890 (US$3.60 per tree).

• http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/11/1202/pdf
• http://lfs-mlws.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2014/10/an_analytical_model_of_rainfall_interception_by_urban_trees.pdf
• https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/land-surface-vegetation/biophysical-parameters/9162
• https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/1999WR900003

Transpiration

Trees suck! (Abstracted from Phyto, by K. Kennen)

• http://www.wastormwatercenter.org/tree-resources/
• http://www.itreetools.org/eco/international.php
• http://treesandstormwater.org/
• http://cvc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/CaseStudy_CPW_Final.pdf
• https://cvc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/TechReport_CPW_Final.pdf

Galleries

Open tree pits

• 

  Rainwater harvesting cistern, which discharges to tree pits during dry conditions. Image credit Mississippi WMO

• 

  Extended tree pit planting in USA
  Photo credit: USEPA

• 

  A right of way bioswale installed by the New York City Department of Environmental Protection on Dean Street, Brooklyn

Soil cells

• 

  Soil cells under construction.

• 

  Soil cell installation on Central Parkway in Mississauga.

• 

  Built in 2014, this stormwater planter on Central Parkway in Mississauga uses supported soil cells and is functioning well.

• 

  Soil Cell installation along the Moynes and Berl Avenues on north side of The Queensway in Toronto. The picture depicts stormwater distribution pipes through the system, used to help provide water to the trees that will be later planted in the BMP feature.
  Photo credit: City of Toronto
  

• 

  Silva Cell “top” deck prior to organic layer and screenings for pavers. Photo credit: City of Toronto

• 

  Soil Cells being installed along Edgewater Drive for Waterfront Toronto.
  Photo credit: DeepRoot
  

• 

  Stormwater Tree Trenches at East Bayfront Promenade, Toronto.
  Photo credit: DeepRoot
  

• 

  Seawall Soil Cells (Tree Trenches) located in Vancouver.
  Photo credit:City of Vancouver
  

• 

  Stormwater tree trenches designed with a structural concrete pad over top of the installation.
  Photo credit:DeepRoot
  

External links

• http://gievidencebase.botanicgardens.sa.gov.au/contents/7-water-management#Canopy-Interception
• standard details and specifications from James Urban

In our effort to make this guide as functional as possible, we have decided to include proprietary systems and links to manufacturers websites.
Inclusion of such links does not constitute endorsement by the Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program.
Lists are ordered alphabetically; link updates are welcomed using the form below.

• CityGreen - Stratavault
• Contech - Filterra
• Cupolex
• Deeproot - Silva Cell
• GreenBlue Urban - RootSpace
• Storm-Tree

References

Also see references as direct web page links above.

A broad category of particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates, and available in various particulate size gradations.

The slow movement of water into or through a soil or drainage system.

Penetration of water through the ground surface.

The portion of water precipitated onto a catchment area, which then flows as surface discharge from the catchment area past a specified point.

Water from rain, snow melt, or irrigation that flows over the land surface.

Human application of water to agricultural or recreational land for watering purposes. City of Toronto Wet Weather Flow Management November 2006 47

Natural or artificial means of intercepting and removing surface or subsurface water (usually by gravity).

Low Impact Development. A stormwater management strategy that seeks to mitigate the impacts of increased urban runoff and stormwater pollution by managing it as close to its source as possible. It comprises a set of site design approaches and small scale stormwater management practices that promote the use of natural systems for infiltration and evapotranspiration, and rainwater harvesting.

Filter fabric that is installed to separate dissimilar soils and provide runoff filtration and contaminant removal benefits while maintaining a suitable rate of flow; may be used to prevent fine-textured soil from entering a coarse granular bed, or to prevent coarse granular from being compressed into underlying finer-textured soils.

Land owned by the City Toronto or any other level of government or public agency (such as Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Toronto Transit Commission, school boards).

Cleanouts are "a fitting access in a drainage system or venting system that is installed to provide access for cleaning and inspection and that is provided with a readily replaceable air tight cover" (O.Reg 332/12: Building Code, 2022).

The upper surface of the zone of saturation, except where the surface is formed by an impermeable body.

Subsurface water level which is defined by the level below which all the spaces in the soil are filled with water; The entire region below the water table is called the saturated zone.

The accounting of inflow and outflow of water in a system according to the components of the hydrologic cycle.

The natural ground material characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin.

The rate at which stormwater percolates into the subsoil measured in inches per hour.

A parameter that describes the capability of a medium to transmit water.

The portion of water precipitated onto a catchment area, which then flows as surface discharge from the catchment area past a specified point.

Water from rain, snow melt, or irrigation that flows over the land surface.

A perforated pipe used to assist the draining of soils.

An alternative practice to traditional impervious pavement, prevents the generation of runoff by allowing precipitation falling on the surface to infiltrate through the surface course into an underlying stone reservoir and, where suitable conditions exist, into the native soil.

Ground depression acting as a flow control and water treatment structure, that is normally dry.

The total surface area upstream of a point on a stream that drains toward that point. Not to be confused with watershed. The drainage area may include one or more watersheds.

Ground depression acting as a flow control and water treatment structure, that is normally dry.

Soil, sand and minerals washed from land into water, usually after rain. They pile up in reservoirs, rivers and harbors, destroying fish-nesting areas and holes of water animals and cloud the water so that needed sunlight might not reach aquatic plans. Careless farming, mining and building activities will expose sediment materials, allowing them to be washed off the land after rainfalls.

a top dressing over vegetation beds that provides suppresses weeds and helps retain soil moisture in bioretention cells, stormwater planters and dry swales.

Refers to the conditions in which an organism lives and survives or the conditions in which an organism resides. These conditions can be described as aspects of a “physical”, “social” or an “economic” environment, depending on the perspective perceived by the observer.

Cleanouts are "a fitting access in a drainage system or venting system that is installed to provide access for cleaning and inspection and that is provided with a readily replaceable air tight cover" (O.Reg 332/12: Building Code, 2022).

The natural ground material characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin.

Soil or media particles smaller than sand and larger than clay (3 to 60 m)

1. A mineral soil separate consisting of particles less than 0.002 millimeter in equivalent diameter. 2. A soil texture class. 3. (Engineering) A fine-grained soil (more than 50 percent passing the No. 200 Sieve) that has a high plasticity index in relation to the liquid limit. (Unified Soil Classification System).

Mineral particles which are smaller than 2 mm, and which are free of appreciable quantities of clay and silt. Coarse sand usually designates sand grains with particle size between 0.2 and 0.02 mm.

A shallow excavated surface depression containing prepared filter media, mulch, and planted with selected vegetation.

The engineered soil component of bioretention cell or dry swale designs, typically with a high rate of infiltration and designed to retain contaminants through filtration and adsorption to particles.

Soil particles with a diameter less than 0.050 mm.

Gravel, or crushed stone of various size gradations (i.e., diameter), used in construction; void forming material used as bedding and runoff storage reservoirs and underdrains in stormwater infiltration practices.

A broad category of particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates, and available in various particulate size gradations.

A broad category of particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates, and available in various particulate size gradations.

The total mass of a pollutant entering a waterbody over a defined time period.

The net amount of something (e.g. chemical, such as phosphorus), calculated as the product of concentration and volume in a given time. Some BMPs significantly reduce loading of pollutants to the environment by reducing volume more so than concentration.

Filter fabric that is installed to separate dissimilar soils and provide runoff filtration and contaminant removal benefits while maintaining a suitable rate of flow; may be used to prevent fine-textured soil from entering a coarse granular bed, or to prevent coarse granular from being compressed into underlying finer-textured soils.

A perforated pipe used to assist the draining of soils.

A shallow excavated surface depression containing prepared filter media, mulch, and planted with selected vegetation.

Linear bioretention cell designed to convey, treat and attenuate stormwater runoff. The engineered filter media soil mixture and vegetation slows the runoff water to allow sedimentation, filtration through the root zone, evapotranspiration, and infiltration into the underlying native soil.

The interception, storage and eventual evaporation of rainfall from vegetation canopies.

The quantity of water transpired (given off). Retained in plant tissues, and evaporated from plant tissues and surrounding soil surfaces. Quantitatively it is usually expressed in terms of depth of water per unit area during a specified period. e.g. mm/day

The combined loss of water to the atmosphere from land and water surfaces by evaporation and from plants by transpiration.

A hard surface area (e.g., road, parking area or rooftop) that prevents or retards the infiltration of water into the soil.

Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program

Total suspended solids

A shallow constructed channel, often grass-lined, which is used as an alternative to curb and channel, or as a pretreatment to other measures. Swales are generally characterized by a broad top width to depth ratio and gentle grades.

Best management practice. State of the art methods or techniques used to manage the quantity and improve the quality of wet weather flow. BMPs include: source, conveyance and end-of-pipe controls.

The interception, storage and eventual evaporation of rainfall from vegetation canopies.

Any form of rain or snow.

Tank used to store rainwater (typically roof runoff) for later use.

Linear bioretention cell designed to convey, treat and attenuate stormwater runoff. The engineered filter media soil mixture and vegetation slows the runoff water to allow sedimentation, filtration through the root zone, evapotranspiration, and infiltration into the underlying native soil.

A vegetated practice that collects and treats stormwater through sedimentation and filtration. Contributions to water cycle/water balance are through evapotranspiration only; no infiltration.

A lot level bioretention cell designed to receive and detain, infiltrate and filter runoff, typically used for discharge from downspouts.

The total mass of a pollutant entering a waterbody over a defined time period.

Low impact development is a stormwater management and land development strategy applied at the parcel and subdivision scale that emphasizes conservation and use of on-site natural features integrated with engineered, small scale hydrologic controls to more closely mimic pre-development hydrologic functions.

A stormwater management strategy that seeks to mitigate the impacts of increased urban runoff and stormwater pollution by managing it as close to its source as possible. It comprises a set of site design approaches and small scale stormwater management practices that promote the use of natural systems for infiltration and evapotranspiration, and rainwater harvesting.

A hard surface area (e.g., road, parking area or rooftop) that prevents or retards the infiltration of water into the soil.

Refers to the conditions in which an organism lives and survives or the conditions in which an organism resides. These conditions can be described as aspects of a “physical”, “social” or an “economic” environment, depending on the perspective perceived by the observer.