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=Introduction=
Flooding is a major environmental and economic challenge, particularly in urban areas where impervious surfaces prevent natural infiltration. [[Climate change]] is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events, exacerbating flood risks. Flood mitigation strategies that incorporate Low Impact Development (LID), traditional stormwater management, and hybrid infrastructure can manage stormwater effectively and reduce flood impacts.
==Pluvial (Surface) flooding==
==Pluvial (Surface) flooding==
Pluvial flooding occurs when larger storms exceed the capacity of the urban drainage system to convey water, resulting in flooding of some low-lying areas. This may result in traffic interruption, economic loss, infrastructure damage, basement flooding and other undesirable consequences. As the climate changes, the incidence of extreme weather events in Ontario is expected to increase, causing urban drainage system capacity to be exceeded more frequently. This will be particularly severe in older areas where the minor system was not designed to today’s standards and/or major drainage system pathways have been altered or do not exist.
Pluvial flooding occurs when larger storms exceed the capacity of the urban drainage system to convey water, resulting in flooding of some low-lying areas. This may result in traffic interruption, economic loss, infrastructure damage, basement flooding and other undesirable consequences. As the climate changes, the incidence of extreme weather events in Ontario is expected to increase, causing urban drainage system capacity to be exceeded more frequently. This will be particularly severe in older areas where the minor system was not designed to today’s standards and/or major drainage system pathways have been altered or do not exist.