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Line 12: − *Biochar additions to green roof substrate were tested at the University of Toronto. Biochar-amended sedum green roofs presented the best integrated water quality, including reduced discharge concentrations of dissolved P (Liao et al., 2024)<ref>Liao, W., Sidhu, V., Sifton, M., Margolis, L., Drake, J., Thomas, S. 2024. Biochar and vegetation effects on discharge water quality from organic-substrate green roofs,</ref>.
→How is it being used?
===How is it being used?===
===How is it being used?===
*Biochar additions to green roof substrate were tested at the University of Toronto. Biochar-amended sedum green roofs presented the best integrated water quality, including reduced discharge concentrations of dissolved P (Liao et al., 2024)<ref>Liao, W., Sidhu, V., Sifton, M., Margolis, L., Drake, J., Thomas, S. 2024. Biochar and vegetation effects on discharge water quality from organic-substrate green roofs,</ref>.
*Ongoing biochar research at the British Columbia Institute of Technology is testing the response of native plants to various soil/biochar mixes to be used in [[Rain gardens|rain gardens]] and the comparison of biochar with different physico-chemical characteristics in chemical contaminants removal efficacy (BCIT, 2025) <ref>BCIT. 2025. Biochar Amended Soil Matrix for Green Stormwater Infrastructure. https://commons.bcit.ca/nbs/rain-gardens-bioretention-cells/</ref>.
*Ongoing biochar research at the British Columbia Institute of Technology is testing the response of native plants to various soil/biochar mixes to be used in [[Rain gardens|rain gardens]] and the comparison of biochar with different physico-chemical characteristics in chemical contaminants removal efficacy (BCIT, 2025) <ref>BCIT. 2025. Biochar Amended Soil Matrix for Green Stormwater Infrastructure. https://commons.bcit.ca/nbs/rain-gardens-bioretention-cells/</ref>.
*A [[Bioretention|bioretention]] system in China used biochar layered with or mixed into lateritic red soil, with some success in contaminant removal. The mixed biochar–soil design achieved the highest water retention, and both biochar-amended systems removed more contaminants (TN, NH₃-N, NO₃⁻, TP, PO₄³⁻, and Cu) than systems without biochar (Premarantha et al., 2023) <ref>Premarathna, K. S. D., Biswas, J. K., Kumar, M., Varjani, S., Mickan, B., Show, P. L., Lau, S. Y., Novo, L. A. B., & Vithanage, M. 2023. Biofilters and bioretention systems: the role of biochar in the blue-green city concept for
*A [[Bioretention|bioretention]] system in China used biochar layered with or mixed into lateritic red soil, with some success in contaminant removal. The mixed biochar–soil design achieved the highest water retention, and both biochar-amended systems removed more contaminants (TN, NH₃-N, NO₃⁻, TP, PO₄³⁻, and Cu) than systems without biochar (Premarantha et al., 2023) <ref>Premarathna, K. S. D., Biswas, J. K., Kumar, M., Varjani, S., Mickan, B., Show, P. L., Lau, S. Y., Novo, L. A. B., & Vithanage, M. 2023. Biofilters and bioretention systems: the role of biochar in the blue-green city concept for
*In Delaware, two roadside [[Vegetated filter strips|filter strips]] amended with biochar reduced peak flow and runoff volume, but showed no notable change in pollutant concentrations (Center for Watershed Protection, Inc., 2025) <ref>Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. 2025. Biochar for bioretention systems: A Review of Biochar use in Bioretentions, Biofilters, and Bioretention Soil Media. https://www.chesapeakebay.net/files/documents/Appendix-A-Biochar-for-Bioretention-Systems_Literature-Review-031725.pdf</ref>.
*In Delaware, two roadside [[Vegetated filter strips|filter strips]] amended with biochar reduced peak flow and runoff volume, but showed no notable change in pollutant concentrations (Center for Watershed Protection, Inc., 2025) <ref>Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. 2025. Biochar for bioretention systems: A Review of Biochar use in Bioretentions, Biofilters, and Bioretention Soil Media. https://www.chesapeakebay.net/files/documents/Appendix-A-Biochar-for-Bioretention-Systems_Literature-Review-031725.pdf</ref>.
*In field experiments in Europe, biochar reduced nutrient leaching in [[Green roofs|green roofs]], but did not reduce nutrient concentrations in effluent (Kuoppamäki et al., 2016) <ref>Kuoppamäki, K., Hagner, M., Lehvävirta, S. & Setälä, H. 2016. Biochar amendment in the green roof substrate affects runoff quality and quantity. Ecological Engineering, Vol. 88, pp. 1–9.</ref>.
*In field experiments in Europe, biochar reduced nutrient leaching in [[Green roofs|green roofs]], but did not reduce nutrient concentrations in effluent (Kuoppamäki et al., 2016) <ref>Kuoppamäki, K., Hagner, M., Lehvävirta, S. & Setälä, H. 2016. Biochar amendment in the green roof substrate affects runoff quality and quantity. Ecological Engineering, Vol. 88, pp. 1–9.</ref>.
===Benefits===
===Benefits===