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→De-icing salt
[[File:KoppenGeigerclimatezonesCanada_2017.jpg|thumb|450px|Koppen-Geiger Climate Zones of Canada, 2017]]
[[File:KoppenGeigerclimatezonesCanada_2017.jpg|thumb|500px|Koppen-Geiger Climate Zones of Canada, 2017]]
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==Cold climates==
==Cold climates==
Most major cities and urban areas in Ontario have a "humid continental" climate featuring snow and warm summers, classified as "Dfb" according to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification Koppen-Geiger climate zone classification system], which includes average temperatures in the coldest month well below -3°C. Other locations in Canada with a humid continental "Dfb" climate include portions of the British Columbia interior (Kamloops, Kelowna, Prince George), the prairies (Calgary, Edmonton, Regina, Saskatoon and Winnipeg), southern Quebec (Montreal, Quebec City), and Atlantic provinces (Charlottetown, Fredericton, Halifax, St. John's). Locations in the United States with a "Dfb" climate include portions of Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Wisconsin. Other locations around the world with a "Dfb" climate includes such cities as Oslo (Norway), Helsinki (Finland), Stockholm (Sweden), Moscow (Russia), Kiev (Ukraine) and Hokkaido and Sapporo (Japan). <br>
Most major cities and urban areas in Ontario have a "humid continental" climate featuring snow and warm summers, classified as "Dfb" according to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification Koppen-Geiger climate zone classification system], which includes average temperatures in the coldest month well below -3°C. Other locations in Canada with a humid continental "Dfb" climate include portions of the British Columbia interior (Kamloops, Kelowna, Prince George), the prairies (Calgary, Edmonton, Regina, Saskatoon and Winnipeg), southern Quebec (Montreal, Quebec City), and Atlantic provinces (Charlottetown, Fredericton, Halifax, St. John's). Locations in the United States with a "Dfb" climate include portions of Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Wisconsin. Other locations around the world with a "Dfb" climate includes such cities as Oslo (Norway), Helsinki (Finland), Stockholm (Sweden), Moscow (Russia), Kiev (Ukraine) and Hokkaido and Sapporo (Japan). <br>
The southernmost portion of Ontario has a humid continental climate that features snow and hot summers, with a Koppen-Geiger climate zone classification of "Dfa". Other locations with "Dfa" climate include northern portions of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa and Ohio in the United States.
The southernmost portion of Ontario has a humid continental climate that features snow and hot summers, with a Koppen-Geiger climate zone classification of "Dfa". Other locations with "Dfa" climate include northern portions of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa and Ohio in the United States.
==De-icing salt==
==De-icing [[salt]]==
[[File:Snow_filter_strip.png|thumb|Snow being stored on a filter strip in Markham, ON]]
[[File:Snow_filter_strip.png|thumb|Snow being stored on a filter strip in Markham, ON]]
Sodium and chloride ions in de-icing salts applied to asphalt areas travel easily with the runoff water. De-icing salt can increase the mobility of some [[heavy metals]] in soil (e.g. lead, copper or cadmium). This may increase the downstream concentration of these metals <ref>Amrhein, C., Strong, J.E., and Mosher, P.A. 1992. Effect of de-icing salts on metal and organic matter mobilization in roadside soils. Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 703-709</ref><ref>Bauske, B., Goetz, D. 1993. Effects of de-icing salts on heavy metal mobility. Acta Hydrochimica Hydrobiologica. Vol. 21. pp. 38-42., 1993).</ref>
Sodium and chloride ions in de-icing [[salt|salts]] applied to asphalt areas travel easily with the runoff water. De-icing [[salt]] can increase the mobility of some [[heavy metals]] in soil (e.g. lead, copper or cadmium). This may increase the downstream concentration of these metals <ref>Amrhein, C., Strong, J.E., and Mosher, P.A. 1992. Effect of de-icing salts on metal and organic matter mobilization in roadside soils. Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 703-709</ref><ref>Bauske, B., Goetz, D. 1993. Effects of de-icing salts on heavy metal mobility. Acta Hydrochimica Hydrobiologica. Vol. 21. pp. 38-42., 1993).</ref>
Very few studies have sampled groundwater below infiltration facilities or roadside ditches receiving de-icing salt laden runoff have found concentrations of heavy metals that exceed drinking water standards <ref>Howard, K.W.F. and Beck, P.J. 1993. Hydrogeochemical implications of groundwater contamination by road de-icing chemicals. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. Vol. 12. pp. 245-268.</ref><ref>Granato, G.E., Church, P.E., Stone, V.J. 1995. Mobilization of Major and Trace Constituents of Highway Runoff in Groundwater Potentially Caused by De-icing Chemical Migration. Transportation Research Record. No. 1483.</ref>
Very few studies have sampled groundwater below infiltration facilities or roadside ditches receiving de-icing salt laden runoff have found concentrations of heavy metals that exceed drinking water standards <ref>Howard, K.W.F. and Beck, P.J. 1993. Hydrogeochemical implications of groundwater contamination by road de-icing chemicals. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. Vol. 12. pp. 245-268.</ref><ref>Granato, G.E., Church, P.E., Stone, V.J. 1995. Mobilization of Major and Trace Constituents of Highway Runoff in Groundwater Potentially Caused by De-icing Chemical Migration. Transportation Research Record. No. 1483.</ref>