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− | [[File:KoppenGeigerclimatezonesCanada_2017.jpg|thumb|Koppen-Geiger Climate Zones of Canada, 2017]] | + | [[File:KoppenGeigerclimatezonesCanada_2017.jpg|thumb|500px|Koppen-Geiger Climate Zones of Canada, 2017]] |
| {{TOClimit|2}} | | {{TOClimit|2}} |
| ==Cold climates== | | ==Cold climates== |
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| The southernmost portion of Ontario has a humid continental climate that features snow and hot summers, with a Koppen-Geiger climate zone classification of "Dfa". Other locations with "Dfa" climate include northern portions of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa and Ohio in the United States. | | The southernmost portion of Ontario has a humid continental climate that features snow and hot summers, with a Koppen-Geiger climate zone classification of "Dfa". Other locations with "Dfa" climate include northern portions of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa and Ohio in the United States. |
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− | ==De-icing salt== | + | ==De-icing [[salt]]== |
| [[File:Snow_filter_strip.png|thumb|Snow being stored on a filter strip in Markham, ON]] | | [[File:Snow_filter_strip.png|thumb|Snow being stored on a filter strip in Markham, ON]] |
− | Sodium and chloride ions in de-icing salts applied to asphalt areas travel easily with the runoff water. De-icing salt can increase the mobility of some [[heavy metals]] in soil (e.g. lead, copper or cadmium). This may increase the downstream concentration of these metals <ref>Amrhein, C., Strong, J.E., and Mosher, P.A. 1992. Effect of de-icing salts on metal and organic matter mobilization in roadside soils. Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 703-709</ref><ref>Bauske, B., Goetz, D. 1993. Effects of de-icing salts on heavy metal mobility. Acta Hydrochimica Hydrobiologica. Vol. 21. pp. 38-42., 1993).</ref> | + | Sodium and chloride ions in de-icing [[salt|salts]] applied to asphalt areas travel easily with the runoff water. De-icing [[salt]] can increase the mobility of some [[heavy metals]] in soil (e.g. lead, copper or cadmium). This may increase the downstream concentration of these metals <ref>Amrhein, C., Strong, J.E., and Mosher, P.A. 1992. Effect of de-icing salts on metal and organic matter mobilization in roadside soils. Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 703-709</ref><ref>Bauske, B., Goetz, D. 1993. Effects of de-icing salts on heavy metal mobility. Acta Hydrochimica Hydrobiologica. Vol. 21. pp. 38-42., 1993).</ref> |
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| Very few studies have sampled groundwater below infiltration facilities or roadside ditches receiving de-icing salt laden runoff have found concentrations of heavy metals that exceed drinking water standards <ref>Howard, K.W.F. and Beck, P.J. 1993. Hydrogeochemical implications of groundwater contamination by road de-icing chemicals. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. Vol. 12. pp. 245-268.</ref><ref>Granato, G.E., Church, P.E., Stone, V.J. 1995. Mobilization of Major and Trace Constituents of Highway Runoff in Groundwater Potentially Caused by De-icing Chemical Migration. Transportation Research Record. No. 1483.</ref> | | Very few studies have sampled groundwater below infiltration facilities or roadside ditches receiving de-icing salt laden runoff have found concentrations of heavy metals that exceed drinking water standards <ref>Howard, K.W.F. and Beck, P.J. 1993. Hydrogeochemical implications of groundwater contamination by road de-icing chemicals. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. Vol. 12. pp. 245-268.</ref><ref>Granato, G.E., Church, P.E., Stone, V.J. 1995. Mobilization of Major and Trace Constituents of Highway Runoff in Groundwater Potentially Caused by De-icing Chemical Migration. Transportation Research Record. No. 1483.</ref> |
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| [[Underdrain]] perforated pipes should be located below the frost line to reduce the threat of ice clogging. Ontario provincial standard drawings of frost penetration depth are available from the [https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/opsViews.aspx Ministry of Transportation] as OPSD 3090.100 for northern Ontario <ref> Ministry of Transportation. 2010. Foundation Frost Penetration Depths for Northern Ontario. OPSD 3090.100. Nov 2010. Rev.1. https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/opsViews.aspx </ref> and OPSD 3090.101 for southern Ontario <ref> Ministry of Transportation. 2010. Foundation Frost Penetration Depths for Southern Ontario. OPSD 3090.101. Nov 2010. Rev.1. https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/opsViews.aspx </ref>.<br> | | [[Underdrain]] perforated pipes should be located below the frost line to reduce the threat of ice clogging. Ontario provincial standard drawings of frost penetration depth are available from the [https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/opsViews.aspx Ministry of Transportation] as OPSD 3090.100 for northern Ontario <ref> Ministry of Transportation. 2010. Foundation Frost Penetration Depths for Northern Ontario. OPSD 3090.100. Nov 2010. Rev.1. https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/opsViews.aspx </ref> and OPSD 3090.101 for southern Ontario <ref> Ministry of Transportation. 2010. Foundation Frost Penetration Depths for Southern Ontario. OPSD 3090.101. Nov 2010. Rev.1. https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/opsViews.aspx </ref>.<br> |
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− | [[Weirs]] are generally less prone to clogging from ice than [[orifices]] under all flow conditions. Proprietary low flow devices are also available which are designed to mitigate clogging from ice or other solid debris. | + | [[Weirs]] are generally less prone to clogging from ice than [[orifices]] or valves under all flow conditions. Proprietary low flow devices are also available which are designed to mitigate clogging from ice or other solid debris. |
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| ===Plowing=== | | ===Plowing=== |
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| ===[[Green Roofs |Green roofs]]=== | | ===[[Green Roofs |Green roofs]]=== |
| The survival of [[Green roofs: Planting|green roof plantings]] is greater in winters with long deep sub-zero temperatures. Being shallow and very exposed to warming sunlight, green roofs thaw rapidly. Frequent freeze-thaw cycles in the early and late winter are associated higher loss of vegetation on green roofs. | | The survival of [[Green roofs: Planting|green roof plantings]] is greater in winters with long deep sub-zero temperatures. Being shallow and very exposed to warming sunlight, green roofs thaw rapidly. Frequent freeze-thaw cycles in the early and late winter are associated higher loss of vegetation on green roofs. |
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| + | ==References== |