Changes

[[File:Water test permeabel pavement.PNG|thumb|600px|A simulated storm event test taking place on [[permeable pavement|porous concrete]] to ensure proper infiltration function is still occurring in the practice after construction (STEP, 2019)<ref>STEP. 2019. Permeable Pavement - Inspection and Maintenance Best Practices for Permeable Pavements. Video. Accessed May 11 2022: https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/home/urban-runoff-green-infrastructure/low-impact-development/permeable-pavement/</ref>]]

[[File:Water test permeabel pavement.PNG|thumb|600px|A simulated storm event test in an asphalt parking lot to confirm grading and drainage are acceptable as part of assumption inspection work (STEP, 2019)<ref>STEP. 2019. Permeable Pavement - Inspection and Maintenance Best Practices for Permeable Pavements. Video. Accessed May 11 2022: https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/home/urban-runoff-green-infrastructure/low-impact-development/permeable-pavement/</ref>]]

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[[File:Soil bulk density figure 8.7.PNG|thumb|305px|Maximum allowable bulk density values by soil texture class (Sustainable Sites Initiative, 2009). '''Click to enlarge'''.<ref>Sustainable Sites Initiative. 2009. The Sustainable Sites Initiative: Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks. American Society of Landscape Architects, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at The University of Texas at Austin, United States Botanic Garden and Sustainable Sites Initiative, Austin, TX. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc31157/</ref>]]

[[File:Soil bulk density figure 8.7.PNG|thumb|325px|Maximum allowable bulk density values by soil texture class (Sustainable Sites Initiative, 2009). '''Click to enlarge'''.<ref>Sustainable Sites Initiative. 2009. The Sustainable Sites Initiative: Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks. American Society of Landscape Architects, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at The University of Texas at Austin, United States Botanic Garden and Sustainable Sites Initiative, Austin, TX. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc31157/</ref>]]

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===Key Components, Test Methods and Equipment===

===Key Components, Test Methods and Equipment===

Key components of LID BMPs that should be the subject of sediment accumulation testing (i.e., depth measurements) are described in the table below along with recommended test methods. Depth measurements should be recorded on inspection field data forms provided on each associated [[Inspection and maintenance#Practice-specific Inspection and Maintenance|BMP's I&M page on the wiki]], used to determine if sediment removal maintenance is needed.

Key components of LID BMPs that should be the subject of sediment accumulation testing (i.e., depth measurements) are described in the table below along with recommended test methods. Depth measurements should be recorded on inspection field data forms provided on each associated [[Inspections and maintenance#Practice-specific Inspection and Maintenance|BMP's I&M page on the wiki]], used to determine if sediment removal maintenance is needed.

[[File:Secch idisk.PNG|thumb|320px|Picture of a typical Secchi disk to help measure sediment depth in underground holding structures. (Photo Source: Wildco, 2018)<ref>Wildco. 2018. Secchi Disk Kit, Fieldmaster®. Accesses May 5 2022: https://shop.sciencefirst.com/wildco/student-water-samplers/5979-fieldmaster-student-secchi-disk-non-calibrated-line-for-student-use-only-200mm.html</ref>]]

[[File:Secch idisk.PNG|thumb|320px|Picture of a typical Secchi disk to help measure sediment depth in underground holding structures. (Photo Source: Wildco, 2018)<ref>Wildco. 2018. Secchi Disk Kit, Fieldmaster®. Accesses May 5 2022: https://shop.sciencefirst.com/wildco/student-water-samplers/5979-fieldmaster-student-secchi-disk-non-calibrated-line-for-student-use-only-200mm.html</ref>]]

===Filter Bed Surface Infiltration Rate===

===Filter Bed Surface Infiltration Rate===

To evaluate surface infiltration rate using a surface ponding well during a simulated storm event, the filter media bed should be thoroughly wetted prior to the test. Measurements of filter bed drainage rate and corresponding estimates of surface infiltration rate should be made following natural or simulated storm events that deliver enough water to the BMP to pond at least 75 mm of water on the surface of the filter media bed, in an effort to consistently approximate saturated soil flow conditions.  

To evaluate surface infiltration rate using a surface ponding well during a natural or simulated storm event, the filter media bed should be thoroughly wetted prior to the test. Measurements of filter bed drainage rate and corresponding estimates of surface infiltration rate should be made following natural or simulated storm events that deliver enough water to the BMP to pond at least 75 mm of water on the surface of the filter media bed, in an effort to consistently approximate saturated soil flow conditions.  

====Calculation====

====Calculation====

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|[[Filter media|Filter bed surface]]

|[[Filter media|Filter bed surface]]

|Use an infiltrometer or permeameter to measure field saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_S) in at least 5 locations or at a rate of one measurement for every 25 m² of filter bed surface area, including inlet and lowest elevation areas. Compare mean and individual values to the design specification or trigger value (See Triggers for follow-up and corrective actions below) to determine if follow-up tasks are needed.

|Use an infiltrometer or permeameter to measure field saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_S) in at least 3 locations for areas up to 500 m² and one additional location for each additional 500 m² of filter bed surface area, or fraction thereof, including inlet and lowest elevation areas. Compare mean and individual values to the design specification or trigger value (See Triggers for follow-up and corrective actions below) to determine if follow-up tasks are needed.)

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|rowspan="2"|'''[[Permeable pavement]]'''

|rowspan="2"|'''[[Permeable pavement]]'''

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|[[Permeable pavement: Plan review|Pavement surface]]

|[[Permeable pavement: Plan review|Pavement surface]]

|Use a single-ring infiltrometer to measure field saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_S) in at least 5 locations or at a rate of one measurement for every 250 m² of pavement surface area, evenly distributed. For permeable interlocking pavers, follow the procedure provided by ASTM C1781_C1781M – 15 (ASTM International, 2015<ref>ASTM International. 2015. ASTM C1781/C1781M-15 - Standard Test Method For Surface Infiltration Rate Of Permeable Unit Pavement Systems. Accessed May 5 2022: https://webstore.ansi.org/Standards/ASTM/astmc1781c1781m15</ref>). For pervious concrete or porous asphalt, follow the procedure provided by ASTM C1701_C1701M – 09 (ASTM International, 2009<ref>ASTM International. 2009. ASTM C1701/C1701M-09 - Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of In Place Pervious Concrete. Accessed May 5 2022: https://www.astm.org/c1701_c1701m-09.html</ref>). Compare mean and individual values to the design specification or trigger value (See Triggers for follow-up and corrective actions below) to determine if follow-up tasks are needed.   

|Use a single-ring infiltrometer to measure field saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_S) in at least 3 locations for areas up to 2,500 m² and one additional location for each additional 1,000 m² of pavement surface area, or fraction thereof, evenly distributed. For permeable interlocking pavers, follow the procedure provided by ASTM C1781_C1781M – 15 (ASTM International, 2015<ref>ASTM International. 2015. ASTM C1781/C1781M-15 - Standard Test Method For Surface Infiltration Rate Of Permeable Unit Pavement Systems. Accessed May 5 2022: https://webstore.ansi.org/Standards/ASTM/astmc1781c1781m15</ref>). For pervious concrete or porous asphalt, follow the procedure provided by ASTM C1701_C1701M – 09 (ASTM International, 2009<ref>ASTM International. 2009. ASTM C1701/C1701M-09 - Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of In Place Pervious Concrete. Accessed May 5 2022: https://www.astm.org/c1701_c1701m-09.html</ref>). Compare mean and individual values to the design specification or trigger value (See Triggers for follow-up and corrective actions below) to determine if follow-up tasks are needed.)  

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*The Modified Philip-Dunne infiltrometer (See photo example - Source: Ahmed et al. 2011<ref>Ahmed, F., Gulliver, J.S. and Nieber, J.L. 2011. Performance of low impact development practices on stormwater pollutant load abatement. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283326958_Performance_of_Low_Impact_Development_Practices_on_Stormwater_Pollutant_Load_Abatement</ref>) is a falling head test device made of an open ended 50 cm long clear plastic cylinder with 2 mm thick walls, a 10 cm inner diameter and graduations, inserted into a machined metal base. Unlike the Philip-Dunne permeameter, which requires digging a borehole (i.e., not a surface infiltration test method), it is inserted 5 cm into the surface of the soil without the need for removing vegetation cover. Water level measurements in the tube can be obtained using the graduations on the side of the cylinder and a stopwatch, or continuously recorded through use of a data logger and pressure transducer installed in a piezometer tube. <br>

*The Modified Philip-Dunne infiltrometer (See photo example - Source: Ahmed et al. 2011<ref>Ahmed, F., Gulliver, J.S. and Nieber, J.L. 2011. Performance of low impact development practices on stormwater pollutant load abatement. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283326958_Performance_of_Low_Impact_Development_Practices_on_Stormwater_Pollutant_Load_Abatement</ref>) is a falling head test device made of an open ended 50 cm long clear plastic cylinder with 2 mm thick walls, a 10 cm inner diameter and graduations, inserted into a machined metal base. Unlike the Philip-Dunne permeameter, which requires digging a borehole (i.e., not a surface infiltration test method), it is inserted 5 cm into the surface of the soil without the need for removing vegetation cover. Water level measurements in the tube can be obtained using the graduations on the side of the cylinder and a stopwatch, or continuously recorded through use of a data logger and pressure transducer installed in a piezometer tube. <br>

*Measurements of soil moisture (e.g., using a handheld soil moisture probe) are needed before and after each test. Using relationships established by Ahmed and Gulliver (2011)<ref>Ahmed, F. and Gulliver, J.S. 2011. User’s manual for the MPD infiltrometer. St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/122987/Ahmed-Gulliver-Nieber%20%282011%29%20-%20SAFL%20PR560.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref>, the observed infiltration rate and initial and final soil moisture measurements are used to calculate a value for saturated hydraulic conductivity. A quicker test to perform than constant head tests. Superior to the single-ring infiltrometer falling head test as lateral flow is incorporated into the calculations.  

*Measurements of soil moisture (e.g., using a handheld soil moisture probe) are needed before and after each test. Using relationships established by Ahmed and Gulliver (2011)<ref>Ahmed, F. and Gulliver, J.S. 2011. User’s manual for the MPD infiltrometer. St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/122987/Ahmed-Gulliver-Nieber%20%282011%29%20-%20SAFL%20PR560.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref>, the observed infiltration rate and initial and final soil moisture measurements are used to calculate a value for saturated hydraulic conductivity. A quicker test to perform than constant head tests. Superior to the single-ring infiltrometer falling head test as lateral flow is incorporated into the calculations. For detailed guidance on how to perform the testing, refer to ASTM D8152 Standard Practice for Measuring Field Infiltration Rate and Calculating Field Hydraulic Conductivity Using the Modified Philip Dunne Infiltrometer Test (ASTM International, 2022<ref>ASTM International. 2022. Standard Practice for Measuring Field Infiltration Rate and Calculating Field Hydraulic Conductivity Using the Modified Philip Dunne Infiltrometer Test. Book of Standards Volume: 04.09. Published Online:  28 July, 2022. DOI: 10.1520/D8152-18. https://www.astm.org/d8152-18.html</ref>)

|[[File:Modified Philip Dunne.PNG|350px]]

|[[File:Modified Philip Dunne.PNG|350px]]

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!<br>'''BMP Type'''

!<br>'''BMP Type'''

!<br>'''Trigger'''

!<br>style=width:15em|'''Trigger'''

!<br>'''Follow-up and Corrective Actions'''

!<br>'''Follow-up and Corrective Actions'''

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*In extreme cases, removal of the affected portion of the surface course and bedding and reinstallation with materials that meet design specifications may be necessary.

*In extreme cases, removal of the affected portion of the surface course and bedding and reinstallation with materials that meet design specifications may be necessary.

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|'''[[Enhanced swales]] / [[Vegetated filter strips]] & [[Absorbent landscapes|Soil Amendment Areas]]''' (topsoil surface)  

|'''[[Enhanced swales]]''' (swale surface)  

|i < 15 mm/h;

|i < 15 mm/h;

K_S < 1.5 x 10-6 cm/s

K_S < 1.5 x 10-6 cm/s

At a minimum, continuous monitoring should be undertaken as part of Assumption and Verification inspections in the following situations:  

At a minimum, continuous monitoring should be undertaken as part of Assumption and Verification inspections in the following situations:  

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#When little information is available about the effectiveness of a certain type of BMP or treatment train (i.e., combination of BMPs) or when a new technology is being implemented for the first time in a certain context.

#Where the sensitivity of the receiving water warrants a high level of inspection and testing to determine if BMP effluent quality meets design specifications or regulatory criteria.

#As part of Forensic inspection and Testing (FIT) work to determine corrective actions for suspected problems with drainage or effluent quality detected through other inspection and testing work.}}

#When little information is available about the effectiveness of a certain type of BMP in a certain environmental context, or when a new technology is being implemented for the first time in a certain context or geographic region.

#Where the sensitivity of the receiving water warrants a high level of inspection and testing to determine if BMP effluent quality meets design specifications or regulatory criteria.}}

===External guidance on monitoring the performance of stormwater BMPs===

===External guidance on monitoring the performance of stormwater BMPs===

==Cistern Pump Testing==

==Cistern Pump Testing==

[[File:Rainwatercistern cross.PNG|thumb|500px|A simplified cross-section view showing key components of a rainwater harvesting system used  in a residential setting. The cistern pump located in the basement along with the pressure tank over time through general use will begin to decline and this will be noted in reduced water pressure in flushing the toilet or for the shower, kitchen sink, etc. (Photo Source: TRCA, 2018)<ref>TRCA. 2018. Inspection and

[[File:Rainwatercistern cross.PNG|thumb|400px|A simplified cross-section view showing key components of a rainwater harvesting system used  in a residential setting. The cistern pump located in the basement along with the pressure tank over time through general use will begin to decline and this will be noted in reduced water pressure in flushing the toilet or for the shower, kitchen sink, etc. (Photo Source: TRCA, 2018)<ref>TRCA. 2018. Inspection and

Maintenance of Stormwater Best Management Practices: Rainwater Cisterns. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2018/02/Rainwater-Cisterns-Fact-Sheet.pdf</ref>]]

Maintenance of Stormwater Best Management Practices: Rainwater Cisterns. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2018/02/Rainwater-Cisterns-Fact-Sheet.pdf</ref>]]