Changes

For more recent research on the water management benefits of urban trees, and modelling approaches see the following articles and projects.

For more recent research on the water management benefits of urban trees, and modelling approaches see the following articles and projects.

* '''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925857418302453?via%3Dihub Role of plants in bioretention performance (Dagenais et al. 2018)]'''<ref>Dagenais, D., Brisson, J. and Fletcher, T.D. 2018. The role of plants in bioretention systems; does the science underpin current guidance?. Ecological Engineering, 120, pp.532-545. http://www.phytotechno.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Dagenais-2018-Bioretention.pdf</ref>

* Dagenais ''et al.'' (2018), tested hypotheses regarding the role of plants in bioretention systems by reviewing current scientific literature. They found that planted facilities are more effective than unplanted ones, as the presence of plants increases filter bed permeability and nitrogen removal. Plant species selection can considerably affect hydraulic and nitrogen removal performance, with root traits (e.g., thickness and depth) identified as playing important roles. They identified further research needed to test the hypothesis that native or diversely-planted facilities perform better than ones planted with exotic or fewer species.<ref>Dagenais, D., Brisson, J. and Fletcher, T.D. 2018. The role of plants in bioretention systems; does the science underpin current guidance?. Ecological Engineering, 120, pp.532-545. http://www.phytotechno.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Dagenais-2018-Bioretention.pdf</ref>  

** Dagenais ''et al''. (2018), tested hypotheses regarding the role of plants in bioretention systems by reviewing current scientific literature. They found that planted facilities are more effective than unplanted ones, as the presence of plants increases filter bed permeability and nitrogen removal. Plant species selection can considerably affect hydraulic and nitrogen removal performance, with root traits (e.g., thickness and depth) identified as playing important roles. They identified further research needs to test the hypothesis that native or diversely-planted facilities perform better than ones planted with exotic or fewer species.   

* '''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169418306346?via%3Dihub Tree pit hydrology in Melbourne, Australia (Grey et al. 2018)]''' <ref>Grey, V., Livesley, S.J., Fletcher, T.D. and Szota, C. 2018. Tree pits to help mitigate runoff in dense urban areas. Journal of Hydrology, 565, pp.400-410. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169418306346?via%3Dihub</ref>

* '''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169418306346?via%3Dihub Tree pit hydrology in Melbourne, Australia (Grey et al. 2018)]''' <ref>Grey, V., Livesley, S.J., Fletcher, T.D. and Szota, C. 2018. Tree pits to help mitigate runoff in dense urban areas. Journal of Hydrology, 565, pp.400-410. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169418306346?via%3Dihub</ref>

** Grey ''et al''. (2018), conduct a streetscape experiment to determine the runoff retention rate of tree pits in heavy [[Soil groups|clay soil]] with low exfiltration nates. Their research found that runoff retention is possible in even very dense urban streetscapes, but sizing of the features must be set between 2.5% - 8% of the impervious catchment area (dependent upon tree pit exfiltration rates) to achieve 90% reduction in annual runoff.

** Grey ''et al''. (2018), conduct a streetscape experiment to determine the runoff retention rate of tree pits in heavy [[Soil groups|clay soil]] with low exfiltration nates. Their research found that runoff retention is possible in even very dense urban streetscapes, but sizing of the features must be set between 2.5% - 8% of the impervious catchment area (dependent upon tree pit exfiltration rates) to achieve 90% reduction in annual runoff.