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Line 1: − + − + − + − + − + − + − poly 841 102 841 671 1182 693 1393 674 1568 673 1659 686 1605 624 1452 609 1301 624 1143 619 1082 442 1106 369 1106 218 1113 175 1460 142 1504 108 1663 108 1482 106 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]+ − + − poly 840 757 846 1317 1159 1319 1097 1096 1125 939 1176 835 1271 831 1539 762 1480 758 1305 823 1435 826 1517 755 1328 757 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]+ − + − + − + − rect 102 445 1204 530 [[Wells|Monitoring Well]]+ − + − + − + − + − rect 1164 2657 1204 3241 [[Wells|Monitoring Well]]+ − + − + − + − + − + + + + + − + − + − poly 1696 3145 1714 2786 1788 2751 1930 2775 1930 2807 1772 2773 1741 3123 1933 3114 1948 3150 1932 3147 1902 3150 1868 3145 1806 3145 [[Soil cells: Gallery| Soil Cells]]+ − + − poly 1030 2786 837 2798 924 2744 1041 2766 1071 2853 1064 2989 1062 3067 1075 3145 825 3150 828 3112 1026 3120 [[Soil cells: Gallery| Soil Cells]]+ − + − poly 1717 2777 1759 2740 1873 2737 1928 2768 [[Geotextile]]+ − + − poly 1062 2788 1010 2746 972 2739 894 2740 843 2778 [[Geotextile]]+ − rect 843 2802 823 3143 [[Geotextile]]+ − rect 828 2693 1148 2735 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Structural Concrete Panel]]+ − − rect 1574 2655 1647 3042 [[Overflow]] − rect 1576 3038 1647 3121 [[Underdrain]] − − − rect 828 2737 1066 2762 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Concrete Footing]] − − poly 821 3092 750 2822 819 2813 821 2918 [[Aggregates|Aggregate]] − poly 2046 2733 1951 2740 1959 3129 2048 2849 [[Aggregates|Aggregate]] − poly 848 3192 882 3334 1276 3334 1910 3332 1944 3194 1596 3194 1521 3296 1224 3296 1137 3198 [[Reservoir aggregate]] − − poly 759 2900 752 3410 905 3410 2049 3408 2051 2871 1946 3205 1908 3336 886 3332 [[Soil groups|Subgrade Compacted Soil]] + + − + Line 59:
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Line 77: − + − + − + − + − * monitoring wells and clean-outs − * structural panels − * permeable pavers Line 121:
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Line 147: − Modular soil support system and structural concrete panel trench configurations should provide a better growing environment for trees, and thereby improve tree longevity. Structural soil medium and structural concrete panel trench configurations provide the benefits of being more adaptable around utilities and existing trees and providing easier access to utilities when repairs are needed. Structural concrete panel trench configurations featuring rows of modular soil supports provide greater soil volume per unit area than those featuring structural soil medium.+ − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Line 208:
Line 232: − − ===Variations of Stormwater Tree Trenches=== − − [[File:Stormwater Tree Trench low permeability native subsoil with structural soil medium.png|thumb|left|450px|'''Tree Trench with Low Permeability Subsoil''' - This tree trench configuration possess low permeability soil ([[Soil groups]] C or D), along with a clean-out stand pipe for the underdrain, which is placed lower in the feature to allow water to infiltrate into the system and remove contaminants from the road/sidewalk before being taken up by the tree or transported out of the feature and back into the storm sewer system. It also contains structural soil, which is an engineered medium that can be compacted to support sidewalks, while also creating extra space for suitable tree root growth under paved surfaces. This space allows the tree to mature unimpeded and cuts down on replacement costs for tree removal and maintenance costs of the surrounding sidewalk and road.]] − − [[File:Stormwater Tree Trench high permeability native subsoil with structural soil medium.png|thumb|right|450px|'''Tree Trench with High Permeability Subsoil''' - This tree trench configuration possess high permeability soil ([[Soil groups]] A or B), and as a result possesses a clean-out stand pipe/clean-out for the underdrain, which is placed higher in the feature as water will infiltrate through the system much quicker. This allows for further infiltration into the system into the underlying native soil below. Once water has percolated through the soil to the perforated underdrain it is then transported out of the feature and back into the storm sewer system. This configuration also includes a monitoring well to monitor water level in the feature below the aggregate line at the bottom of the feature. This feature contains structural soil, similar to the low permeability configuration.]] − − [[File:Stormwater Tree Trench high permeability native subsoil with soil cells.png|thumb|center|450px|'''Tree Trench with High Permeability Subsoil, with Soil Cells''' - This tree trench configuration possess high permeability soil, similar to the configuration on the right, but instead of structural soil this tree trench contains soil cells or 'modular soil support systems'. Soil cells are an alternative to structural soil media and are used adjacent to tree pits to provide room for tree roots to spread out under paved surfaces surrounding the tree trench. The growing media in soil cells typically has higher organic content than structural soils and with a looser structure and higher nutrient content of the soil, these support systems provide the most favourable environment for healthy tree growth in the urban setting.]] − − − − Line 260:
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Line 285: + + − ===Inlets=== − Multiple methods for distribution and conveyance of runoff into the system are recommended for redundancy and conservative designs. − Combinations may be made of: − *tree well flow, − *catchbasins and distribution pipes, and − *direct infiltration from permeable paving. − See also [[Inlets]] and [[pretreatment]] − − ===Species selection=== − − For a detailed overview with in-depth information on species selection please visit our [[Plant lists]] wiki page and you can continue on to our further detailed tables showcasing how to develop planting plans that include selection of species for specific functions in several stormwater tree trenches and other LID practices. − − *[[Trees: List]] − *[[Shrubs: List]] − *[[Perennials: List]] − *[[Graminoids: List]] − − ===Planting pit sizing=== − [[Bioretention: Sizing]] Line 336:
Line 332: − {{:Trees: Gallery}}+ Line 355:
Line 351: − ----+ + +
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<imagemap>
<imagemap>
File:Update Stormwater Tree Trench Structural Panel Soil Cell crop.png|thumb|500 px|A Stormwater tree trench with structural concrete panels and soil cells. A structural concrete panel configuration is an alternative to modular soil support systems that uses a “bridge deck” over bioretention/growing media that extends into the pedestrian clearway, and is supported on each side by concrete supports and compacted granular material. The benefits to this configuration is increased infiltration due to the extra provided modular support, therefore no compaction of the underlying drainage material is required. <span style="color:red">''A note: The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.''</span>
File:SWTT Struct Pan High Perm Final crop.png|thumb|500 px|'''A Stormwater tree trench with structural concrete panels and soil cells.''' A structural concrete panel configuration is an alternative to modular soil support systems that uses a “bridge deck” over bioretention/growing media that extends into the pedestrian clearway, and is supported on each side by concrete supports and compacted granular material. The benefits to this configuration is increased infiltration due to the extra provided modular support, therefore no compaction of the underlying drainage material is required. <span style="color:red">'''''Note:''' The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.''</span>
rect 1543 408 1647 510 [[Overflow]]
rect 1632 3032 1696 3394 [[Overflow|Overflow to Underdrain]]
rect 1545 1102 1654 1209 [[Overflow]]
rect 1631 3392 1700 3461 [[Underdrain]]
rect 1162 194 1568 563 [[Trees:List|Trees]]
rect 1636 3463 1691 3632 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Water Storage Depth]]
rect 1186 855 1566 1267 [[Trees:List|Trees]]
rect 1261 3632 1638 3694 [[Soil groups|Uncompacted Subgrade Soil]]
rect 1005 1468 1754 2532 [[Trees:List|Trees]]
rect 823 3636 1265 3694 [[Soil groups|Compacted Subgrade Soil]]
rect 1640 3636 2056 3694 [[Soil groups|Compacted Subgrade Soil]]
rect 1574 102 1661 475 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]
rect 1260 3036 1292 3540 [[Wells|Monitoring Well]]
rect 1265 3541 1289 3636 [[Digital technologies|Water Level Sensor]]
rect 1575 751 1670 1220 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]
rect 821 3532 1172 3634 [[Aggregates|Aggregate]]
rect 1472 2 1585 105 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Cleanout Access]]
rect 2054 3636 1723 3534 [[Aggregates|Aggregate]]
rect 1463 652 1565 762 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Cleanout Access]]
rect 821 3489 1116 3534 [[Choker layer]]
rect 1785 3492 2049 3540 [[Choker layer]]
rect 1119 1102 1206 1203 [[Wells|Monitoring Well]]
poly 2057 3503 2027 3121 1936 3090 2002 3152 2002 3461 1842 3454 1851 3134 1931 3092 1820 3120 1800 3492 1942 3494 1967 3490 2014 3489 2038 3496 [[Soil cells: Gallery|Soil Cells]]
rect 650 122 808 292 [[Pretreatment|Catch Basin]]
poly 852 3136 839 3494 1090 3490 1081 3461 1072 3139 990 3092 1040 3149 1043 3458 889 3460 881 3138 1012 3110 921 3094 [[Soil cells: Gallery|Soil Cells]]
rect 636 947 807 1112 [[Pretreatment|Catch Basin]]
rect 1172 3038 1223 3163 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Cleanout Access]]
rect 627 2686 696 2751 [[Overflow|Outlet Distribution Pipe to Storm Sewer]]
rect 1860 3027 1913 3167 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Cleanout Access]]
rect 1907 3121 723 3167 [[Pipes|Stormwater Distribution Pipe]]
rect 1173 3236 1202 3321 [[Digital technologies|Water Level Sensor]]
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rect 658 2762 832 2813 [[Pipes|Stormwater Distribution Pipe]]
poly 832 3490 839 3079 1147 3074 852 3079 830 3267 [[Geotextile|Geotextile Liner]]
rect 1064 2769 1547 2824 [[Pipes|Stormwater Distribution Pipe]]
poly 2051 3123 2047 3074 1756 3074 2049 3085 2051 3490 [[Geotextile| Geotextile Liner]]
rect 1494 2642 1552 2769 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Cleanout Access]]
rect 854 3079 1080 3119 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Concrete Footing]]
rect 618 2653 761 2686 [[Pretreatment|Catch Basin]]
rect 1800 3078 2058 3112 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Concrete Footing]]
rect 1751 3023 2056 3074 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Structural Concrete Panel]]
rect 849 3023 1156 3081 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Structural Concrete Panel]]
rect 1161 3045 1751 3076 [[Mulch]]
rect 639 3025 774 3338 [[Pretreatment|Catch Basin]]
rect 623 2813 758 2953 [[Pretreatment|Catch Basin]]
rect 623 2813 758 2953 [[Pretreatment|Catch Basin]]
rect 830 2671 1324 2695 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]
rect 1152 3012 1329 3032 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]
rect 1149 2699 1576 2739 [[Mulch]]
rect 1571 3014 1747 3030 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]
rect 845 3081 2058 3636 [[Bioretention: Filter media|Filter Media]]
rect 1908 2807 1941 3118 [[Soil cells: Gallery| Soil Cells]]
rect 1054 1735 1818 2770 [[Trees:List|Trees]]
rect 1149 582 1743 1142 [[Trees:List|Trees]]
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rect 1258 1308 1301 1346 [[Wells|Monitoring Well]]
rect 1933 2773 1955 3143 [[Geotextile]]
rect 1158 1213 1227 1286 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Cleanout Access]]
rect 1873 1211 1945 1282 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Cleanout Access]]
rect 1154 547 1754 1370 [[Curb extensions: Gallery|Tree Grate]]
rect 667 1197 803 1319 [[Pretreatment|Catch Basin]]
rect 1654 2690 1944 2733 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Structural Concrete Panel]]
rect 1594 3141 1951 3192 [[Choker layer]]
rect 839 3150 1142 3194 [[Choker layer]]
rect 1699 2735 1939 2768 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Concrete Footing]]
rect 868 2735 1921 3294 [[Bioretention: Filter media|Filter Media]]
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Stormwater Tree Trenches are linear tree planting structures that feature supported impermeable or [[permeable pavements]] that promote healthy tree growth while also helping to manage runoff. They are often located behind the curb within the road right-of-way and consist of subsurface trenches filled with modular structures and growing medium, or structurally engineered soil medium, supporting an overlying sidewalk pavement. They improve tree health by providing access to soil, air and stormwater for irrigation, allowing them to survive longer in harsh urban conditions.
Stormwater tree trenches are linear tree planting structures that feature supported impermeable or [[permeable pavements]] that promote healthy tree growth while also helping to manage runoff. They are often located behind the curb within the road right-of-way and consist of subsurface trenches filled with modular structures and growing medium, or structurally engineered soil medium, supporting an overlying sidewalk pavement. They improve tree health by providing access to soil, air and stormwater for irrigation, allowing them to survive longer in harsh urban conditions.
They also provide road and walkway drainage, contribute to stormwater pollutant removal and decrease the volume of urban runoff entering local waterways. They feature trees, soil, stormwater inlet and outlet structures, distribution and drainage pipes, and may include soil support structures, structural soil medium or structural concrete panels (as seen in the image map to the right). The tree planting pits and adjacent supported sidewalk pavements provide more soil volume for tree growth and water retention.
They also provide road and walkway drainage, contribute to stormwater pollutant removal and decrease the volume of urban runoff entering local waterways. They feature trees, soil, stormwater inlet and outlet structures, distribution and drainage pipes, and may include soil support structures, structural soil medium or structural concrete panels (as seen in the image map to the right). The tree planting pits and adjacent supported sidewalk pavements provide more soil volume for tree growth and water retention.
Take a look at the downloadable Stormwater Tree Trenches Fact Sheet below for a .pdf overview of this LID Best Management Practice:
Take a look at the downloadable Stormwater Tree Trenches Fact Sheet below for a .pdf overview of this LID Best Management Practice:
{{Clickable button|[[File:Treetrench.png|200 px|link=https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/7/77/Tree_trenches_2022.pdf]]}}
{{Clickable button|[[File:Treetrench.png|200 px|link=https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/4/4e/Tree_trenches_final_Update.pdf]]}}
'''Stormwater tree trench installations include:'''
'''Stormwater tree trench installations include:'''
* Overlying impermeable or [[permeable pavements]]
* Trees (tolerant to northern. urban conditions)
* Trees (tolerant to northern. urban conditions)
* Planting soil
* Planting soil
* Structural soil
* Modular soil support or "soil cell" structures (optional)
* Stormwater inlet and outlet structures,
* Structural soil (optional)
* Structural concrete panels (optional)
* Stormwater inlet and outlet structures
* Distribution and drainage pipes
* Distribution and drainage pipes
* Mulch
* [[Choker layer]] (optional)
* Aggregate Base
* Geogrid and geotextile (optional)
* Choker layer
* [[Reservoir aggregate|Aggregate base]]
'''Additional components may include:'''
'''Additional components may include:'''
* an underdrain system
* [[Bioretention: Internal water storage|Internal water storage]] layer
* various configurations of soil cell additions
* Distribution and [[underdrain]] pipe access and clean-out features
* geotextile fabric around soil cell structures
* [[Wells|Monitoring well]] screened within internal water storage layer
* impermeable geomembrane on sites where soil infiltration is not desired
* Root barriers in locations where tree rooting is not desired
==Planning considerations==
==Planning considerations==
Designers should consult local utility design guidance for the horizontal and vertical clearances required.
Designers should consult local utility design guidance for the horizontal and vertical clearances required.
===Karst===
===[[Karst]]===
Tree trenches designed to drain primarily by infiltration are unsuitable in areas of known or implied karst topography.
Tree trenches designed to drain primarily by infiltration are unsuitable in areas of known or implied karst topography.
===Configuration===
===Configuration===
Structural concrete panel and modular soil support system trench configurations should provide a better growing environment for trees, and thereby improve tree longevity. Structural soil medium and structural concrete panel trench configurations provide the benefits of being more adaptable to being fit around utilities or existing trees and provide easier access to utilities when repairs are needed.
===Distribution and Underdrain pipes===
===Distribution and Underdrain pipes===
To maximize the quantity of growing or structural soil medium irrigated, distribution pipes should be installed flat, just below modular soil support tops or at the top of the structural soil media layer and in both tree pit and supported pavement portions of the trench. Pipe perforations should be oriented to the sides and section ends should be sealed with a solid cap. To enhance runoff volume reduction underdrain pipes can be installed above the bottom of the trench and/or include flow control. Alternatively, the underdrain pipe may be installed on trench bottom and connected to a riser assembly in the outlet manhole. It is critical to include connections to outlet storm sewer pipes and multiple cleanout access points.
To maximize the quantity of growing or structural soil medium irrigated, distribution pipes should be installed flat, just below modular soil support tops or at the top of the structural soil media layer and in both tree pit and supported pavement portions of the trench. Pipe perforations should be oriented to the sides and section ends should be sealed with a solid cap. To enhance runoff volume reduction underdrain pipes can be installed above the bottom of the trench and/or include flow control. Alternatively, the underdrain pipe may be installed on trench bottom and connected to a riser assembly in the outlet manhole. It is critical to include connections to outlet storm sewer pipes and multiple cleanout access points.
===Variations of Stormwater Tree Trenches===
Below, find three alternate stormwater tree trench configurations, that differ based off of native subgrade soil permeability and associated infiltration rates, structural support systems used (modular soil cell systems vs. structural soil medium) and placement of the underdrain for the system based off of these factors. All the images below are partial image map drawings, which only feature interactive differing specifications with highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki tare not found in the image map at the top of the page, highlighting features of a Stormwater tree trench with structural concrete panels and soil cells.
<imagemap>
File:SWTT Low Perm Soil Cells Final.png|thumb|left|450px|'''Tree trench with soil cells on low permeability subsoil''' - This tree trench configuration possess low permeability soil ([[Soil groups]] C or D), along with a clean-out stand pipe for the underdrain, which is placed lower in the feature to allow water to infiltrate into the system and remove contaminants from the road/sidewalk before being taken up by the tree or transported out of the feature and back into the storm sewer system. It also includes soil cells or 'modular soil support systems'. <span style="color:red">'''''Note''': The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.''</span>
rect 951 3681 1591 3739 [[Soil groups|Uncompacted Subgrade Soil]]
rect 1596 3684 1996 3737 [[Soil groups|Compacted Subgrade Soil]]
rect 1605 3079 1983 3500 [[Soil cells: Gallery|Soil Cells]]
</imagemap>
<imagemap>
File:SWTT High Perm Soil Cells Final.png|thumb|right|450px|'''Tree trench with soil cells on high permeability subsoil''' - This tree trench configuration possess high permeability soil ([[Soil groups]] A or B) and possesses a stand pipe/clean-out for the underdrain, which is placed higher in the feature to allow for further infiltration into underlying native soil below. This configuration also includes a monitoring well to monitor water level in the feature below the aggregate line at the bottom of the feature. It also contains soil cells similar to the low permeability configuration. <span style="color:red">'''''Note''': The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.''</span>
rect 1534 3458 1576 3737 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Water Storage Depth]]
rect 951 3681 1591 3739 [[Soil groups|Uncompacted Subgrade Soil]]
rect 1596 3684 1996 3737 [[Soil groups|Compacted Subgrade Soil]]
rect 1605 3079 1983 3500 [[Soil cells: Gallery|Soil Cells]]
rect 1070 3001 1122 3688 [[Wells|Monitoring Well]]
</imagemap>
<imagemap>
File:SWTT Struct Soil Med High Perm Final.png|thumb|center|450px|'''Tree Trench with structural soil medium on high permeability subsoil''' - This tree trench configuration possess high permeability soil, but instead of soil cells this tree trench contains a structural soil medium. Once water has percolated through the soil to the perforated underdrain it is then transported out of the feature and back into the storm sewer system. This configuration also includes a monitoring well below the aggregate line at the bottom of the feature. <span style="color:red">'''''Note''': The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.''</span>
rect 1534 3458 1576 3737 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches|Water Storage Depth]]
rect 951 3681 1591 3739 [[Soil groups|Uncompacted Subgrade Soil]]
rect 1596 3684 1996 3737 [[Soil groups|Compacted Subgrade Soil]]
rect 1070 3001 1122 3688 [[Wells|Monitoring Well]]
rect 1605 3079 1983 3500 [[Stormwater Tree Trenches: Specifications|Structural Soil Medium]]
</imagemap>
* Solid pipe from inlet structures should transition to perforated pipe once 300 mm inside the trench.
* Solid pipe from inlet structures should transition to perforated pipe once 300 mm inside the trench.
* Perforated pipe should be minimum 150 mm dia. rigid, smooth interior wall HDPE or PVC with perforations on sides, wrapped with geotextile sock, with capacity and perforation specifications confirmed by the designing Engineer based on hydraulic requirements.
* Perforated pipe should be minimum 150 mm dia. rigid, smooth interior wall HDPE or PVC with perforations on sides, wrapped with geotextile sock, with capacity and perforation specifications confirmed by the designing Engineer based on hydraulic requirements.
==Inspection and Maintenance==
==Inspection and Maintenance==
At right is a list of trees that are known to tolerate conditions in northern (Zone 3) urban stormwater tree trenches.
At right is a list of trees that are known to tolerate conditions in northern (Zone 3) urban stormwater tree trenches.
===Species selection===
For a detailed overview with in-depth information on species selection please visit our [[Plant lists]] wiki page and you can continue on to our further detailed tables showcasing how to develop planting plans that include selection of species for specific functions in several stormwater tree trenches and other LID practices.
*[[Trees: List]]
*[[Shrubs: List]]
*[[Perennials: List]]
*[[Graminoids: List]]
==Soil cells==
==Soil cells==
*If the system is unlined it is hydraulically equivalent to a [[bioretention]] cell and provides similar water quality benefits.
*If the system is unlined it is hydraulically equivalent to a [[bioretention]] cell and provides similar water quality benefits.
*If the system is lined and underdrained it is hydraulically similar to a large [[stormwater planter]]. Depending on the design detail it may retain significant stormwater within the planting soil volume and will provide water quality benefits.
*If the system is lined and underdrained it is hydraulically similar to a large [[stormwater planter]]. Depending on the design detail it may retain significant stormwater within the planting soil volume and will provide water quality benefits.
*Structures are designed to be filled with growing medium for tree rooting and support a vehicle loaded pavement up to and including AASHTO H-20 and Ontario Building Code standards for sidewalks.
*Critical to modular soil support system design is that each structure or layer of structures be independent of all adjacent ones, such that one or multiple layers can be removed to facilitate future utility installation or repair.
[[File:DepressedDrain_SoilCell.png|thumb|500px|A surface [[inlets|inlet]] configuration featuring a depressed drain routing water collected from the street to an enclosed area infiltrating water to soil cells underneath.]]
[[File:DepressedDrain_SoilCell.png|thumb|500px|A surface [[inlets|inlet]] configuration featuring a depressed drain routing water collected from the street to an enclosed area infiltrating water to soil cells underneath.]]
===Underdrain===
===Underdrain===
==Galleries==
==Galleries==
===Open tree pits===
===Open tree pits===
{{:Extended tree pits: Gallery}}
{{:Extended tree pits: Gallery}}
*[https://www.storm-tree.com Storm-Tree]
*[https://www.storm-tree.com Storm-Tree]
==References==
Also see references as direct web page links above.
[[Category:Green infrastructure]]
[[Category:Green infrastructure]]