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Line 342: − − ==Source Water Protection in Other Canadian Jurisdictions== − [[File:Legal tool first nations.PNG|500px|thumb|Cover page of the [https://cela.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/LEGAL-TOOLKIT-Source-Water-Protection-in-Indigenous-Communities_0.pdf final report] from the collaborative partnership between the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation, the Oneida Nation of the Thames, the Munsee-Delaware Nation (CMO) and the Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA) and funded by the Law Foundation of Ontario that highlights the legal toolkit created to provide legal tools which can be implemented in Indigenous communities across Ontario to help residents protect their local source waters and mitigate threats. (Photo Source: CELA et al. 2019<ref>The Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA), Chippewas of the Thames, Munsee-Delaware and Oneida Nation of the Thames (CMO). 2019. Legal and Policy Tools for Source Water Protection in Indigenous Communities - A Tri-First Nation (Chippewas of the Thames First Nation, Munsee-Delaware First Nation, Oneida Nation of the Thames) and Canadian Environmental Law Association Initiative. ISBN: 978-1-77189-939-0. Publication No. 1233. Published: 7 January 2019. Accessed 3 June 2022. https://cela.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/LEGAL-TOOLKIT-Source-Water-Protection-in-Indigenous-Communities_0.pdf</ref>)]] − − ===First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan=== − − Many, if not most First Nations' reserves lie outside of Ontario's designated SWR/SWAs. As a result of this in 2011 the Federal government issued a national assessment of on-reserve drinking water systems, they found that most First Nations did not have an existing SPP in place. After this assessment was completed, the [https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-ISC-SAC/DAM-WTR/STAGING/texte-text/source_1398366907537_eng.pdf First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan] was developed by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development in partnership with the Alberta First Nations' Technical Services Advisory Group (TSAG), Siksika First Nation, Alberta and Dr. Robert Patrick from the Department of Geography and Planning of University of Saskatchewan. − − The document is both a descriptive guide and real-world template to be used to help develop a SPP on reserve lands. It provides all necessary tools in developing a community based SPP by taking a watershed-scale approach to protecting freshwater supplies. The plan development is led by both Chief and Council of the community as the principal decision makers along with others responsible for landuse decisions and community planning initiatives (AAND, 2014<ref>Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development (AAND). 2014. First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan Guide and Template. ISBN: 978-1-100-23120-4. https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-ISC-SAC/DAM-WTR/STAGING/texte-text/source_1398366907537_eng.pdf</ref>) − − ===First Nations Communities (Southwestern Ontario)=== − − In an Ontario context, the the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation, the Oneida Nation of the Thames, the Munsee-Delaware Nation (CMO) and the Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA) developed a partnership to create a series of Legal Toolkits for Source Water Protection in Indigenous Communities located along the Thames River in Southwestern Ontario. This partnership began in 2017 and they released a series of five (5) toolkits that discuss a host of issues with SPPs includes by-laws, agricultural leases, consultations, environmental rights and appeals, etc. they can be found below (CELA, 2019<ref>Canadian Environmental Law Association. 2019. Source Water Protection in Indigenous Communities Legal Tool Kits. Accessed 7 June 2022. https://cela.ca/source-water-protection-in-indigenous-communities/</ref>): − − # [https://cela.ca/legal-toolkit-source-water-protection-in-indigenous-communities/ '''Legal Toolkit Report'''] − # [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-1-by-laws-as-an-authority-for-environmental-protection-and-enforcement/ '''Legal Tool 1:''' By-laws as an Authority for Environmental Protection and Enforcement] − # [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-2-consultation-and-accommodation-protocol-to-advance-source-water-protection/ '''Legal Tool 2:''' Consultation and Accommodation Protocol to Advance Source Water Protection] − # [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-3-public-environmental-rights-and-appeals-related-to-source-waters/ '''Legal Tool 3:''' Public Environmental Rights and Appeals Related to Source Waters] − # [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-4-considering-source-water-within-agricultural-leases-on-first-nation-reserve-lands/ '''Legal Tool 4:''' Considering Source Water within Agricultural Leases on First Nation Reserve Lands] − # [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-5-protecting-source-waters-under-the-clean-water-act/ '''Legal Tool 5:''' Protecting Source Waters Under the Clean Water Act] − − In the [https://ourwatershed.ca/resources/reports-and-plans/source-protection-plan/ South Georgian Bay Lake Source Protection Region] there are three indigenous communities: Beausoleil First Nation, Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation, and Chippewas of Rama First Nation. At this time, the Chippewas of Rama First Nation has opted into the source water protection process by passing a Band Council resolution in 2011 and announced the [https://ourwatershed.ca/rama-first-nation-included-in-source-water-program/ inclusion of their drinking water system] within the Source Water Protection planning process back in 2014. − − ===Nova Scotia=== − The Province of Nova Scotia (through Nova Scotia Environment - NSE) released their, [https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/docs/NSWaterStrategy.pdf Drinking Water Strategy for Nova Scotia], which provides a framework for managing both drinking water supplies, intakes and vulnerable areas across the province. The NSE published five (5) technical documents which provide guidance to practitioners on how to create and deliver source water protection plans, the overall processes it entails and solutions to problems that may occur. − − Similar to Ontario the NSE requires either the local water utility company or the municipality itself to create an advisory committee made up of councillors, municipal engineers, landowners residents and businesses along with consultants to carry out technical requirements and steps. The committee must then map out the Water Protection Boundary with optional public consultation and input, after which known and potential contaminants and risks will be assessed dependent upon the activities that may pose a risk to source water supply areas. Then the advisory committee is tasked with developing and implementing a Source Water Protection Management Plan that includes the '''ABC's''' of source water protection: − − * ('''A''')quisition of land in source water supply areas to improve protection of water quality − * ('''B''')y-laws to develop new municipal planning strategies and create new regulations and permits for work conducted in source water supply areas. − * ('''B''')MPs and guidelines to best manage and monitor activities that take place in the water supply area − * ('''C''')ontingency Plans for when an unexpected event occurs that threatens the source water area and the health of the local population − * ('''D''')esignation, the Environment Act in Nova Scotia allows for areas to be created known as Designated Protected Water Areas. this allows a water utility or municipality to properly regulate activities that occur in these protected regions − * ('''E''')ducation, the committee will work with stakeholders and users in the source water supply area to highlight important piece of information they should know when working in these areas regarding their role in protecting local drinking water and overall water stewardship BMPs. − − [[File:Drinking water protection tool.PNG|500px|thumb|Title page of B.C's, Ministry of Health Services, and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection's [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/documents/bc_drinking_water_screening_tool.pdf Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Screening Tool], which is a ste-by-step questionnaire developed for water suppliers to help aid them in identifying risks to their drinking water sources and systems (Photo Source: Ministry of Health Services and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, 2004<ref> Ministry of Health Services and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. 2004. Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Screening Tool. Accessed 6 June 2022. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/documents/bc_drinking_water_screening_tool.pdf</ref>)]] − − Finally, the last step is to create a "Monitoring and Evaluation Plan", which sets up specific prescribed procedures for ongoing monitoring of the area to ensure water quality contaminants are mitigated and a formalized source water protection plan review process is implemented (Government of Nova Scotia, n.d.<ref> Government of Nova Scotia. n.d. Developing a Municipal Source Water Protection Plan. A Guide for Water Utilities and Municipalities. Accessed June 7 2022. https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/docs/WaterProtectionPlanSummary.pdf</ref>). All of this information and more can be found here on [https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/sourcewater.asp Nova Scotia's Environment and Climate Change's Source Water Protection Home Page] − − ===British Columbia=== − − In the province of British Columbia (BC) there are two (2) primary source water protection documents: − − 1. [https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/00_01009_01 Drinking Water Protection Act (DWPA)] - Covers both water source and system assessments within the province along with response plans to unmitigated risks − 2. [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/drinking-water-quality/resources-for-water-system-operators#source-to-tap-assessment Drinking Water Protection Plans (DWPP)] - Ordered and made required by the Minister of Health under the DWPA, 2001 [SBC 2001] Chapter 9 (Government of British Columbia, n.d.(a))<ref>Government of British Columbia. n.d. Drinking Water Protection Planning. Current Health Topics. Accessed June 7 2022. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/about-bc-s-health-care-system/office-of-the-provincial-health-officer/current-health-topics/drinking-water-protection-planning#:~:text=In%20BC%2C%20there%20are%20two,of%20Health%20under%20the%20Act.</ref> − − The government of BC has created an excellent portal for water system operators and suppliers to access current resources and tools that help them understand their role and responsibilities under the DWPA, 2001 and includes the following: − * [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/drinking-water-quality/resources-for-water-system-operators#source-to-tap-assessment Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Guideline Document] - provides a step by step approach to evaluating risks to drinking water that coincides with requirements within the DWPA, 2001 − * [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/documents/bc_drinking_water_screening_tool.pdf Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Screening Tool] - An alternative method for assessing risk in drinking water systems, the tool contains 97 questions and is a "question-and-answer" based document that allows drinking water officers to determine if a water supplier submitting the document needed to undertake a comprehensive assessment to further analyze associated risk and vulnerabilities − * [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/waterquality/resources-for-water-operators/ercp-sws-final-aug17-2016.pdf Emergency Response Plan] - Developed to help water officers develop their own emergency response plan in more rural areas that possess small water systems − * [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/waterquality/how-drinking-water-is-protected-in-bc/garp_assessment_oct_2017.pdf Guidance Document for Determining Ground Water at Risk of Containing Pathogens (GARP)] - Developed for drinking water officers to determine if groundwater sources are at risk of certain pathogens. − * [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water-system-assessment-user-guide.pdf Water System Assessment User's Guide] - Aids both operators and owners to assess their water system's safety and overall security. − * and more (Government of British Columbia, n.d.(B))<ref>Government of British Columbia. n.d. Resources for Water System Operators. Drinking Water Quality. Accessed June 7 2022. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/drinking-water-quality/resources-for-water-system-operators#source-to-tap-screening</ref> Line 468:
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no edit summary
==LID Site Considerations==
==LID Site Considerations==
{{:Site considerations}}
{{:Site considerations}}
==BMP Selection & Pretreatment for SWP==
==BMP Selection & Pretreatment for SWP==
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==Source Water Protection in Other Canadian Jurisdictions==
[[File:Legal tool first nations.PNG|500px|thumb|Cover page of the [https://cela.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/LEGAL-TOOLKIT-Source-Water-Protection-in-Indigenous-Communities_0.pdf final report] from the collaborative partnership between the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation, the Oneida Nation of the Thames, the Munsee-Delaware Nation (CMO) and the Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA) and funded by the Law Foundation of Ontario that highlights the legal toolkit created to provide legal tools which can be implemented in Indigenous communities across Ontario to help residents protect their local source waters and mitigate threats. (Photo Source: CELA et al. 2019<ref>The Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA), Chippewas of the Thames, Munsee-Delaware and Oneida Nation of the Thames (CMO). 2019. Legal and Policy Tools for Source Water Protection in Indigenous Communities - A Tri-First Nation (Chippewas of the Thames First Nation, Munsee-Delaware First Nation, Oneida Nation of the Thames) and Canadian Environmental Law Association Initiative. ISBN: 978-1-77189-939-0. Publication No. 1233. Published: 7 January 2019. Accessed 3 June 2022. https://cela.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/LEGAL-TOOLKIT-Source-Water-Protection-in-Indigenous-Communities_0.pdf</ref>)]]
===First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan===
Many, if not most First Nations' reserves lie outside of Ontario's designated SWR/SWAs. As a result of this in 2011 the Federal government issued a national assessment of on-reserve drinking water systems, they found that most First Nations did not have an existing SPP in place. After this assessment was completed, the [https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-ISC-SAC/DAM-WTR/STAGING/texte-text/source_1398366907537_eng.pdf First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan] was developed by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development in partnership with the Alberta First Nations' Technical Services Advisory Group (TSAG), Siksika First Nation, Alberta and Dr. Robert Patrick from the Department of Geography and Planning of University of Saskatchewan.
The document is both a descriptive guide and real-world template to be used to help develop a SPP on reserve lands. It provides all necessary tools in developing a community based SPP by taking a watershed-scale approach to protecting freshwater supplies. The plan development is led by both Chief and Council of the community as the principal decision makers along with others responsible for landuse decisions and community planning initiatives (AAND, 2014<ref>Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development (AAND). 2014. First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan Guide and Template. ISBN: 978-1-100-23120-4. https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-ISC-SAC/DAM-WTR/STAGING/texte-text/source_1398366907537_eng.pdf</ref>)
===First Nations Communities (Southwestern Ontario)===
In an Ontario context, the the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation, the Oneida Nation of the Thames, the Munsee-Delaware Nation (CMO) and the Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA) developed a partnership to create a series of Legal Toolkits for Source Water Protection in Indigenous Communities located along the Thames River in Southwestern Ontario. This partnership began in 2017 and they released a series of five (5) toolkits that discuss a host of issues with SPPs includes by-laws, agricultural leases, consultations, environmental rights and appeals, etc. they can be found below (CELA, 2019<ref>Canadian Environmental Law Association. 2019. Source Water Protection in Indigenous Communities Legal Tool Kits. Accessed 7 June 2022. https://cela.ca/source-water-protection-in-indigenous-communities/</ref>):
# [https://cela.ca/legal-toolkit-source-water-protection-in-indigenous-communities/ '''Legal Toolkit Report''']
# [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-1-by-laws-as-an-authority-for-environmental-protection-and-enforcement/ '''Legal Tool 1:''' By-laws as an Authority for Environmental Protection and Enforcement]
# [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-2-consultation-and-accommodation-protocol-to-advance-source-water-protection/ '''Legal Tool 2:''' Consultation and Accommodation Protocol to Advance Source Water Protection]
# [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-3-public-environmental-rights-and-appeals-related-to-source-waters/ '''Legal Tool 3:''' Public Environmental Rights and Appeals Related to Source Waters]
# [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-4-considering-source-water-within-agricultural-leases-on-first-nation-reserve-lands/ '''Legal Tool 4:''' Considering Source Water within Agricultural Leases on First Nation Reserve Lands]
# [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-5-protecting-source-waters-under-the-clean-water-act/ '''Legal Tool 5:''' Protecting Source Waters Under the Clean Water Act]
In the [https://ourwatershed.ca/resources/reports-and-plans/source-protection-plan/ South Georgian Bay Lake Source Protection Region] there are three indigenous communities: Beausoleil First Nation, Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation, and Chippewas of Rama First Nation. At this time, the Chippewas of Rama First Nation has opted into the source water protection process by passing a Band Council resolution in 2011 and announced the [https://ourwatershed.ca/rama-first-nation-included-in-source-water-program/ inclusion of their drinking water system] within the Source Water Protection planning process back in 2014.
===Nova Scotia===
The Province of Nova Scotia (through Nova Scotia Environment - NSE) released their, [https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/docs/NSWaterStrategy.pdf Drinking Water Strategy for Nova Scotia], which provides a framework for managing both drinking water supplies, intakes and vulnerable areas across the province. The NSE published five (5) technical documents which provide guidance to practitioners on how to create and deliver source water protection plans, the overall processes it entails and solutions to problems that may occur.
Similar to Ontario the NSE requires either the local water utility company or the municipality itself to create an advisory committee made up of councillors, municipal engineers, landowners residents and businesses along with consultants to carry out technical requirements and steps. The committee must then map out the Water Protection Boundary with optional public consultation and input, after which known and potential contaminants and risks will be assessed dependent upon the activities that may pose a risk to source water supply areas. Then the advisory committee is tasked with developing and implementing a Source Water Protection Management Plan that includes the '''ABC's''' of source water protection:
* ('''A''')quisition of land in source water supply areas to improve protection of water quality
* ('''B''')y-laws to develop new municipal planning strategies and create new regulations and permits for work conducted in source water supply areas.
* ('''B''')MPs and guidelines to best manage and monitor activities that take place in the water supply area
* ('''C''')ontingency Plans for when an unexpected event occurs that threatens the source water area and the health of the local population
* ('''D''')esignation, the Environment Act in Nova Scotia allows for areas to be created known as Designated Protected Water Areas. this allows a water utility or municipality to properly regulate activities that occur in these protected regions
* ('''E''')ducation, the committee will work with stakeholders and users in the source water supply area to highlight important piece of information they should know when working in these areas regarding their role in protecting local drinking water and overall water stewardship BMPs.
[[File:Drinking water protection tool.PNG|500px|thumb|Title page of B.C's, Ministry of Health Services, and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection's [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/documents/bc_drinking_water_screening_tool.pdf Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Screening Tool], which is a ste-by-step questionnaire developed for water suppliers to help aid them in identifying risks to their drinking water sources and systems (Photo Source: Ministry of Health Services and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, 2004<ref> Ministry of Health Services and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. 2004. Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Screening Tool. Accessed 6 June 2022. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/documents/bc_drinking_water_screening_tool.pdf</ref>)]]
Finally, the last step is to create a "Monitoring and Evaluation Plan", which sets up specific prescribed procedures for ongoing monitoring of the area to ensure water quality contaminants are mitigated and a formalized source water protection plan review process is implemented (Government of Nova Scotia, n.d.<ref> Government of Nova Scotia. n.d. Developing a Municipal Source Water Protection Plan. A Guide for Water Utilities and Municipalities. Accessed June 7 2022. https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/docs/WaterProtectionPlanSummary.pdf</ref>). All of this information and more can be found here on [https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/sourcewater.asp Nova Scotia's Environment and Climate Change's Source Water Protection Home Page]
===British Columbia===
In the province of British Columbia (BC) there are two (2) primary source water protection documents:
1. [https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/00_01009_01 Drinking Water Protection Act (DWPA)] - Covers both water source and system assessments within the province along with response plans to unmitigated risks
2. [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/drinking-water-quality/resources-for-water-system-operators#source-to-tap-assessment Drinking Water Protection Plans (DWPP)] - Ordered and made required by the Minister of Health under the DWPA, 2001 [SBC 2001] Chapter 9 (Government of British Columbia, n.d.(a))<ref>Government of British Columbia. n.d. Drinking Water Protection Planning. Current Health Topics. Accessed June 7 2022. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/about-bc-s-health-care-system/office-of-the-provincial-health-officer/current-health-topics/drinking-water-protection-planning#:~:text=In%20BC%2C%20there%20are%20two,of%20Health%20under%20the%20Act.</ref>
The government of BC has created an excellent portal for water system operators and suppliers to access current resources and tools that help them understand their role and responsibilities under the DWPA, 2001 and includes the following:
* [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/drinking-water-quality/resources-for-water-system-operators#source-to-tap-assessment Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Guideline Document] - provides a step by step approach to evaluating risks to drinking water that coincides with requirements within the DWPA, 2001
* [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/documents/bc_drinking_water_screening_tool.pdf Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Screening Tool] - An alternative method for assessing risk in drinking water systems, the tool contains 97 questions and is a "question-and-answer" based document that allows drinking water officers to determine if a water supplier submitting the document needed to undertake a comprehensive assessment to further analyze associated risk and vulnerabilities
* [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/waterquality/resources-for-water-operators/ercp-sws-final-aug17-2016.pdf Emergency Response Plan] - Developed to help water officers develop their own emergency response plan in more rural areas that possess small water systems
* [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/waterquality/how-drinking-water-is-protected-in-bc/garp_assessment_oct_2017.pdf Guidance Document for Determining Ground Water at Risk of Containing Pathogens (GARP)] - Developed for drinking water officers to determine if groundwater sources are at risk of certain pathogens.
* [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water-system-assessment-user-guide.pdf Water System Assessment User's Guide] - Aids both operators and owners to assess their water system's safety and overall security.
* and more (Government of British Columbia, n.d.(B))<ref>Government of British Columbia. n.d. Resources for Water System Operators. Drinking Water Quality. Accessed June 7 2022. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/drinking-water-quality/resources-for-water-system-operators#source-to-tap-screening</ref>
==External Resources==
==External Resources==