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Line 346: − + + + + + + + + + + + − − ==Site Specific Jurisdictions for SWP== − [[File:Legal tool first nations.PNG|500px|thumb|Cover page of the [https://cela.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/LEGAL-TOOLKIT-Source-Water-Protection-in-Indigenous-Communities_0.pdf final report] from the collaborative partnership between the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation, the Oneida Nation of the Thames, the Munsee-Delaware Nation (CMO) and the Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA) and funded by the Law Foundation of Ontario that highlights the legal toolkit created to provide legal tools which can be implemented in Indigenous communities across Ontario to help residents protect their local source waters and mitigate threats. (Photo Source: CELA et al. 2019<ref>The Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA), Chippewas of the Thames, Munsee-Delaware and Oneida Nation of the Thames (CMO). 2019. Legal and Policy Tools for Source Water Protection in Indigenous Communities - A Tri-First Nation (Chippewas of the Thames First Nation, Munsee-Delaware First Nation, Oneida Nation of the Thames) and Canadian Environmental Law Association Initiative. ISBN: 978-1-77189-939-0. Publication No. 1233. Published: 7 January 2019. Accessed 3 June 2022. https://cela.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/LEGAL-TOOLKIT-Source-Water-Protection-in-Indigenous-Communities_0.pdf</ref>)]] − − ===First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan=== − − Many, if not most First Nations' reserves lie outside of Ontario's designated SWR/SWAs. As a result of this in 2011 the Federal government issued a national assessment of on-reserve drinking water systems, they found that most First Nations did not have an existing SPP in place. After this assessment was completed, the [https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-ISC-SAC/DAM-WTR/STAGING/texte-text/source_1398366907537_eng.pdf First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan] was developed by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development in partnership with the Alberta First Nations' Technical Services Advisory Group (TSAG), Siksika First Nation, Alberta and Dr. Robert Patrick from the Department of Geography and Planning of University of Saskatchewan. − − The document is both a descriptive guide and real-world template to be used to help develop a SPP on reserve lands. It provides all necessary tools in developing a community based SPP by taking a watershed-scale approach to protecting freshwater supplies. The plan development is led by both Chief and Council of the community as the principal decision makers along with others responsible for landuse decisions and community planning initiatives (AAND, 2014<ref>Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development (AAND). 2014. First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan Guide and Template. ISBN: 978-1-100-23120-4. https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-ISC-SAC/DAM-WTR/STAGING/texte-text/source_1398366907537_eng.pdf</ref>) − − ===First Nations Communities (Southwestern Ontario)=== − − In specifically an Ontario context, the the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation, the Oneida Nation of the Thames, the Munsee-Delaware Nation (CMO) and the Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA) developed a partnership to create a series of Legal Toolkits for Source Water Protection in Indigenous Communities located along the Thames River in Southwestern Ontario. This partnership began in 2017 and they released a series of five (5) toolkits that discuss a host of issues with SPPs includes by-laws, agricultural leases, consultations, environmental rights and appeals, etc. they can be found below (CELA, 2019<ref>Canadian Environmental Law Association. 2019. Source Water Protection in Indigenous Communities Legal Tool Kits. Accessed 7 June 2022. https://cela.ca/source-water-protection-in-indigenous-communities/</ref>): − − # [https://cela.ca/legal-toolkit-source-water-protection-in-indigenous-communities/ '''Legal Toolkit Report'''] − # [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-1-by-laws-as-an-authority-for-environmental-protection-and-enforcement/ '''Legal Tool 1:''' By-laws as an Authority for Environmental Protection and Enforcement] − # [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-2-consultation-and-accommodation-protocol-to-advance-source-water-protection/ '''Legal Tool 2:''' Consultation and Accommodation Protocol to Advance Source Water Protection] − # [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-3-public-environmental-rights-and-appeals-related-to-source-waters/ '''Legal Tool 3:''' Public Environmental Rights and Appeals Related to Source Waters] − # [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-4-considering-source-water-within-agricultural-leases-on-first-nation-reserve-lands/ '''Legal Tool 4:''' Considering Source Water within Agricultural Leases on First Nation Reserve Lands] − # [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-5-protecting-source-waters-under-the-clean-water-act/ '''Legal Tool 5:''' Protecting Source Waters Under the Clean Water Act] − − In the [https://ourwatershed.ca/resources/reports-and-plans/source-protection-plan/ South Georgian Bay Lake Source Protection Region] there are three indigenous communities: Beausoleil First Nation, Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation, and Chippewas of Rama First Nation. At this time, the Chippewas of Rama First Nation has opted into the source water protection process by passing a Band Council resolution in 2011 and announced the [https://ourwatershed.ca/rama-first-nation-included-in-source-water-program/ inclusion of their drinking water system] within the Source Water Protection planning process back in 2014. − − ===Nova Scotia=== − The Province of Nova Scotia (through Nova Scotia Environment - NSE) released their, [https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/docs/NSWaterStrategy.pdf Drinking Water Strategy for Nova Scotia], which provides a framework for managing both drinking water supplies, intakes and vulnerable areas across the province. The NSE published five (5) technical documents which provide guidance to practitioners on how to create and deliver source water protection plans, the overall processes it entails and solutions to problems that may occur. − − Similar to Ontario the NSE requires either the local water utility company or the municipality itself to create an advisory committee made up of councillors, municipal engineers, landowners residents and businesses along with consultants to carry out technical requirements and steps. The committee must then map out the Water Protection Boundary with optional public consultation and input, after which known and potential contaminants and risks will be assessed dependent upon the activities that may pose a risk to source water supply areas. Then the advisory committee is tasked with developing and implementing a Source Water Protection Management Plan that includes the '''ABC's''' of source water protection: − − * ('''A''')quisition of land in source water supply areas to improve protection of water quality − * ('''B''')y-laws to develop new municipal planning strategies and create new regulations and permits for work conducted in source water supply areas. − * ('''B''')MPs and guidelines to best manage and monitor activities that take place in the water supply area − * ('''C''')ontingency Plans for when an unexpected event occurs that threatens the source water area and the health of the local population − * ('''D''')esignation, the Environment Act in Nova Scotia allows for areas to be created known as Designated Protected Water Areas. this allows a water utility or municipality to properly regulate activities that occur in these protected regions − * ('''E''')ducation, the committee will work with stakeholders and users in the source water supply area to highlight important piece of information they should know when working in these areas regarding their role in protecting local drinking water and overall water stewardship BMPs. − − [[File:Drinking water protection tool.PNG|500px|thumb|Title page of B.C's, Ministry of Health Services, and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection's [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/documents/bc_drinking_water_screening_tool.pdf Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Screening Tool], which is a ste-by-step questionnaire developed for water suppliers to help aid them in identifying risks to their drinking water sources and systems (Photo Source: Ministry of Health Services and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, 2004<ref> Ministry of Health Services and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. 2004. Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Screening Tool. Accessed 6 June 2022. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/documents/bc_drinking_water_screening_tool.pdf</ref>)]] − − Finally, the last step is to create a "Monitoring and Evaluation Plan", which sets up specific prescribed procedures for ongoing monitoring of the area to ensure water quality contaminants are mitigated and a formalized source water protection plan review process is implemented (Government of Nova Scotia, n.d.<ref> Government of Nova Scotia. n.d. Developing a Municipal Source Water Protection Plan. A Guide for Water Utilities and Municipalities. Accessed June 7 2022. https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/docs/WaterProtectionPlanSummary.pdf</ref>). All of this information and more can be found here on [https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/sourcewater.asp Nova Scotia's Environment and Climate Change's Source Water Protection Home Page] − − ===British Columbia=== − − In the province of British Columbia (BC) there are two (2) primary source water protection documents: − − 1. [https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/00_01009_01 Drinking Water Protection Act (DWPA)] - Covers both water source and system assessments within the province along with response plans to unmitigated risks − 2. [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/drinking-water-quality/resources-for-water-system-operators#source-to-tap-assessment Drinking Water Protection Plans (DWPP)] - Ordered and made required by the Minister of Health under the DWPA, 2001 [SBC 2001] Chapter 9 (Government of British Columbia, n.d.(a))<ref>Government of British Columbia. n.d. Drinking Water Protection Planning. Current Health Topics. Accessed June 7 2022. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/about-bc-s-health-care-system/office-of-the-provincial-health-officer/current-health-topics/drinking-water-protection-planning#:~:text=In%20BC%2C%20there%20are%20two,of%20Health%20under%20the%20Act.</ref> − − The government of BC has created an excellent portal for water system operators and suppliers to access current resources and tools that help them understand their role and responsibilities under the DWPA, 2001 and includes the following: − * [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/drinking-water-quality/resources-for-water-system-operators#source-to-tap-assessment Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Guideline Document] - provides a step by step approach to evaluating risks to drinking water that coincides with requirements within the DWPA, 2001 − * [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/documents/bc_drinking_water_screening_tool.pdf Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Screening Tool] - An alternative method for assessing risk in drinking water systems, the tool contains 97 questions and is a "question-and-answer" based document that allows drinking water officers to determine if a water supplier submitting the document needed to undertake a comprehensive assessment to further analyze associated risk and vulnerabilities − * [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/waterquality/resources-for-water-operators/ercp-sws-final-aug17-2016.pdf Emergency Response Plan] - Developed to help water officers develop their own emergency response plan in more rural areas that possess small water systems − * [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/waterquality/how-drinking-water-is-protected-in-bc/garp_assessment_oct_2017.pdf Guidance Document for Determining Ground Water at Risk of Containing Pathogens (GARP)] - Developed for drinking water officers to determine if groundwater sources are at risk of certain pathogens. − * [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water-system-assessment-user-guide.pdf Water System Assessment User's Guide] - Aids both operators and owners to assess their water system's safety and overall security. − * and more (Government of British Columbia, n.d.(B))<ref>Government of British Columbia. n.d. Resources for Water System Operators. Drinking Water Quality. Accessed June 7 2022. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/drinking-water-quality/resources-for-water-system-operators#source-to-tap-screening</ref> Line 402:
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Line 434: − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − Below, find a list of valuable tools aimed at the general public, landowners, real estate agents, farmers and technical practitioners (consultants, operators, technicians, risk management officials, inspectors etc.) for Source Water Protection in the Province of Ontario:+ + + + − + − + − + − + − + − + +
→Planning Considerations
In response to the [https://environmentaldefence.ca/2020/06/01/walkerton-tragedy-ontario-new-water-crisis/ Walkerton tragedy] in May of 2000, where 2,500 residents of the town fell ill due to ingesting high levels of E.coli bacteria and 7 individuals died due to poor monitoring and maintenance of the drinking water system, the Province of Ontario enacted new rules and safeguards to ensure drinking water sources are adequately protected. Following an inquiry into the Walkerton tragedy, Justice O'Connor made over 120 recommendations to better protect the province's drinking water, which have formed the foundation of the province's source water protection framework. The first of the [http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/e_records/walkerton/index.html Walkerton Inquiry] recommendations was that drinking water should be protected by developing watershed-based source water protection plans.
In response to the [https://environmentaldefence.ca/2020/06/01/walkerton-tragedy-ontario-new-water-crisis/ Walkerton tragedy] in May of 2000, where 2,500 residents of the town fell ill due to ingesting high levels of E.coli bacteria and 7 individuals died due to poor monitoring and maintenance of the drinking water system, the Province of Ontario enacted new rules and safeguards to ensure drinking water sources are adequately protected. Following an inquiry into the Walkerton tragedy, Justice O'Connor made over 120 recommendations to better protect the province's drinking water, which have formed the foundation of the province's source water protection framework. The first of the [http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/e_records/walkerton/index.html Walkerton Inquiry] recommendations was that drinking water should be protected by developing watershed-based source water protection plans.
==Source Water Protection In Ontario==
==Source Water Protection in Ontario==
The [https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06c22 Clean Water Act] requires municipalities to protect their drinking water sources and supplies through prevention, by developing collaborative, watershed-based source water protection plans.<ref name="example1">Government of Ontario. 2021. Source protection. Environment and Energy - Drinking Water. 13 October 2021. Accessed: 26 May 2022. https://www.ontario.ca/page/source-protection#section-0</ref>
The [https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06c22 Clean Water Act] requires municipalities to protect their drinking water sources and supplies through prevention, by developing collaborative, watershed-based source water protection plans.<ref name="example1">Government of Ontario. 2021. Source protection. Environment and Energy - Drinking Water. 13 October 2021. Accessed: 26 May 2022. https://www.ontario.ca/page/source-protection#section-0</ref>
When planning any new development within a SPR/SPA its important to follow the following four (4) major steps before moving forward.
When planning any new development within a SPR/SPA its important to follow the following four (4) major steps before moving forward.
===1) Identify and Map Vulnerable Areas===
===Identify and Map Vulnerable Areas===
The two major areas of significance that are vulnerable to water/groundwater pollution threats are called Wellhead Protection Areas (WHPAs) and Intake Protection Zones (IPZs). New development must note if any of their proposed activities or future actions will cause potential negative impacts on these important municipal sources of freshwater.
The two major areas of significance that are vulnerable to water/groundwater pollution threats are called Wellhead Protection Areas (WHPAs) and Intake Protection Zones (IPZs). New development must note if any of their proposed activities or future actions will cause potential negative impacts on these important municipal sources of freshwater.
[[File:Drinking Water Sources.PNG|thumb|350px|A picture depicting different types of drinking water sources, including groundwater under the direct influence (GUDI) of surface water, which may be subject to contamination due to the influence of polluted/impacted surface water (Photo Source: Government of Ontario, 2022<ref>Government of Ontario. 2022. A guide for operators and owners of drinking water systems that serve designated facilities. 19 May 2022. Accessed 3 June 2022. https://www.ontario.ca/page/providing-safe-drinking-water-public-guide-owners-and-operators-non-residential-and-seasonal</ref>)]]
[[File:Drinking Water Sources.PNG|thumb|350px|A picture depicting different types of drinking water sources, including groundwater under the direct influence (GUDI) of surface water, which may be subject to contamination due to the influence of polluted/impacted surface water (Photo Source: Government of Ontario, 2022<ref>Government of Ontario. 2022. A guide for operators and owners of drinking water systems that serve designated facilities. 19 May 2022. Accessed 3 June 2022. https://www.ontario.ca/page/providing-safe-drinking-water-public-guide-owners-and-operators-non-residential-and-seasonal</ref>)]]
To assist with the pre-development determination of site-specific water balance values, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) and Credit Valley Conservation (CVC) have developed the Toronto Region Source Protection Area (TRSPA) web-based application tool that provides precipitation, evapotranspiration (actual), runoff, and recharge based on outputs from the numerical models developed under the Drinking Water Source Protection Program. Note that these values are based on a regional assessment of the water balance, and may be supplanted by site-specific data or modelling.
Take a look at the online TRSPA Water Budget Tool below, which highlights [http://www.wellingtonwater.ca/en/vulnerable-source-water-areas/water-quantity.aspx WHPA-Q (Water Quantity)] in the GTA region showcasing areas where activities that take water without returning it to the SPA and/or reduce recharge can be a threat:
{{Clickable button|[[File:TRSPA Tool.PNG|355 px|link=https://trca.ca/conservation/drinking-water-source-protection/trspa-water-balance-tool/]]}}
'''Vulnerability''' <br>
'''Vulnerability''' <br>
*Adding that number to the modelled time it takes for groundwater to flow from the water table to the well based on the WHPA zone (EarthFx Incorporated, 2010<ref>EarthFx Incorporated. 2010. WHPA Vulnerability Analysis for the Region of Peel Wellfields, Ontario. Client: Region of Peel Infrastructure Planning. Consultant: Engineering and Construction Group. https://www.earthfx.com/?page_id=2205</ref>).}}
*Adding that number to the modelled time it takes for groundwater to flow from the water table to the well based on the WHPA zone (EarthFx Incorporated, 2010<ref>EarthFx Incorporated. 2010. WHPA Vulnerability Analysis for the Region of Peel Wellfields, Ontario. Client: Region of Peel Infrastructure Planning. Consultant: Engineering and Construction Group. https://www.earthfx.com/?page_id=2205</ref>).}}
===2) Identify Threats===
===Identify Threats===
There are currently 22 listed "threats" that are outlined in the Clean Water Act, 2006. Please see the table below for further details (Government of Ontario, 2021<ref>Government of Ontario. 2021. Clean Water Act, 2006: ONTARIO REGULATION 287/07: S.O. 2006, c. 22. Last amendment: 356/21 (1 June 2021). Accessed 3 June 2022. https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/070287#BK3</ref>):
There are currently 22 listed "threats" that are outlined in the Clean Water Act, 2006. Please see the table below for further details (Government of Ontario, 2021<ref>Government of Ontario. 2021. Clean Water Act, 2006: ONTARIO REGULATION 287/07: S.O. 2006, c. 22. Last amendment: 356/21 (1 June 2021). Accessed 3 June 2022. https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/070287#BK3</ref>):
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===3) Calculate Threat Level===
===Calculate Threat Level===
[[File:Source Protection Atlas tool.PNG|500px|thumb|The Interactive [https://www.lioapplications.lrc.gov.on.ca/SourceWaterProtection/index.html?viewer=SourceWaterProtection.SWPViewer&locale=en-CA Source Protection Information Atlas] is a GIS-based mapping tool that provides details on WHPAs, IPZs, issue contributing area score, vulnerability scores and lists drinking water threats while linking directly to the associated area's SPP (Photo Source: MECP, 2022<ref>Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks. 2022. Source Protection Information Atlas. Powered by Land Information Ontario. Information is current as of: May 12, 2022. Accessed June 2 2022. https://www.lioapplications.lrc.gov.on.ca/SourceWaterProtection/index.html?viewer=SourceWaterProtection.SWPViewer&locale=en-CA</ref>]]
[[File:Source Protection Atlas tool.PNG|500px|thumb|The Interactive [https://www.lioapplications.lrc.gov.on.ca/SourceWaterProtection/index.html?viewer=SourceWaterProtection.SWPViewer&locale=en-CA Source Protection Information Atlas] is a GIS-based mapping tool that provides details on WHPAs, IPZs, issue contributing area score, vulnerability scores and lists drinking water threats while linking directly to the associated area's SPP (Photo Source: MECP, 2022<ref>Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks. 2022. Source Protection Information Atlas. Powered by Land Information Ontario. Information is current as of: May 12, 2022. Accessed June 2 2022. https://www.lioapplications.lrc.gov.on.ca/SourceWaterProtection/index.html?viewer=SourceWaterProtection.SWPViewer&locale=en-CA</ref>]]
**Significant threat for your vulnerable area under their jurisdiction. Your SPR/SPA will have listed policies of which you will legally be required to follow based upon your vulnerability scoring which they will be able to point you to (TRCA, 2018<ref>TRCA. 2018. How Does This Affect Me? CTC Source protection Region. Accessed: 6 June 2022. https://ctcswp.ca/protecting-our-water/what-does-this-mean-for-me/</ref>; MECP, 2022<ref name="example6">Ministry of Environment Conservation and Parks (MECP). 2022. Best practices for source water protection - Drinking Water. Last Updated: 3 May, 2022. Accessed June 3 2022. https://www.ontario.ca/document/best-practices-source-water-protection#section-2</ref>)
**Significant threat for your vulnerable area under their jurisdiction. Your SPR/SPA will have listed policies of which you will legally be required to follow based upon your vulnerability scoring which they will be able to point you to (TRCA, 2018<ref>TRCA. 2018. How Does This Affect Me? CTC Source protection Region. Accessed: 6 June 2022. https://ctcswp.ca/protecting-our-water/what-does-this-mean-for-me/</ref>; MECP, 2022<ref name="example6">Ministry of Environment Conservation and Parks (MECP). 2022. Best practices for source water protection - Drinking Water. Last Updated: 3 May, 2022. Accessed June 3 2022. https://www.ontario.ca/document/best-practices-source-water-protection#section-2</ref>)
You can go into further details learning about the potential risks your work may pose by visiting the [https://www.ontario.ca/document/best-practices-source-water-protection#section-2 MECP's Best practices for source water protection]. This webpage set up by the province allows users to still protect freshwater sources and drinking water systems that are not included within an SPP or regulated under the Clean Water Act, 2006. It provides additional information and approaches prospective developers and users can take based upon local soil infiltration rates, groundwater sources in the area, highly vulnerably aquifers, nearby surface water sources, and other potential factors affecting vulnerability.
You can go into further details learning about the potential risks your work may pose by visiting the [https://www.ontario.ca/document/best-practices-source-water-protection#section-2 MECP's Best practices for source water protection]. This webpage set up by the province allows users to help protect freshwater sources and drinking water systems that are not included within an SPP or regulated under the Clean Water Act, 2006. It provides additional information and approaches prospective developers and users can take based upon local soil infiltration rates, groundwater sources in the area, highly vulnerably aquifers, nearby surface water sources, and other potential factors affecting vulnerability.
Below is a table "risk factors" prospective developers (commercial, residential, municipal) should employ that asks eleven (11) questions and a user can rank to determine how at risk a local drinking water source may be given the work they are considering. Anything listed as "High" warrants further information and action to protect the water source (Table adopted from [https://www.ontario.ca/document/best-practices-source-water-protection#section-2 MECP's Best practices for source water protection (MECP, 2022)]<ref name="example6" />.
Below is a table "risk factors" land developers and their consultants should employ that asks eleven (11) questions and a user can rank to determine how at risk a local drinking water source may be given the work they are considering. Anything listed as "High" warrants further information and action to protect the water source (Table adopted from [https://www.ontario.ca/document/best-practices-source-water-protection#section-2 MECP's Best practices for source water protection (MECP, 2022)]<ref name="example6" />.
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===4) Apply Appropriate Policies===
===Apply Appropriate Policies===
Policies that must be adhered to are based on several factors:
Policies that must be adhered to are based on several factors:
# The activity itself
# The activity itself
# The are in which the activity will be taking place
# The area in which the activity will be taking place
# The vulnerability of the area in question
# The vulnerability of the area in question
# The risks associated with the activity (does the activity result in one of the listed 22 risks occurring or potentially occurring)
# The risks associated with the activity (does the activity result in one of the listed 22 risks occurring or potentially occurring)
For example, as of December of 2021 the CTC SPR that comprises the regions of Peel, Toronto, and Durham had nearly 130 Source Protection Policies in place within their SPP. These policies address 21 of the 22 types
For example, as of December of 2021 the CTC SPR that comprises the regions of Peel, Toronto, and Durham had nearly 130 Source Protection Policies in place within their SPP. These policies address 21 of the 22 types
of threats prescribed in O.Reg 287/07 along with two types of local drinking water threats, and include other actions that are considered by the CTC committee as necessary to protect drinking water sources, along with requirements for the need of monitoring being implemented. The CTC SPP also contain policies which require the need for Risk Management Plans (RMPs) dependent on the vulnerability of proposed actions/activities to better manage some drinking water threats (CTC Source Protection Region, 2021)<ref>CTC Source Protection Region. 2021. CTC Source Protection Region 2021 Annual Progress Report. Accessed 6 June 2022. https://ctcswp.ca/app/uploads/2022/05/RPT_20220501_CTCSPR_2021AnnualProgressReport_fnl.pdf)</ref>
of threats prescribed in O.Reg 287/07 along with two types of local drinking water threats, and include other actions that are considered by the CTC committee as necessary to protect drinking water sources, along with requirements for monitoring. The CTC SPP also contain policies which require the need for Risk Management Plans (RMPs) dependent on the vulnerability of proposed actions/activities to better manage some drinking water threats (CTC Source Protection Region, 2021)<ref>CTC Source Protection Region. 2021. CTC Source Protection Region 2021 Annual Progress Report. Accessed 6 June 2022. https://ctcswp.ca/app/uploads/2022/05/RPT_20220501_CTCSPR_2021AnnualProgressReport_fnl.pdf)</ref>
===Additional Ontario Source Water Protection Resources===
Below, find a list of valuable tools aimed at the general public, landowners, real estate agents, farmers and technical practitioners (consultants, operators, technicians, risk management officials, inspectors etc.) for Source Water Protection in the Province of Ontario:
* '''All Users''' - [https://swpip.ca/index.html Source Water Protection Information Portal] - An all in one hub developed by the Ministry of the Environment Conservation and Parks (MECP) to help users understand drinking water threats, updated SWP policies, access to the Source Protection Information Atlas (SPIA) Tool, and Technical Rules under the Clean Water Act.
* '''Risk Management Officials and Inspectors''' - [https://yourdrinkingwater.ca/files/brochures/CO-Fact-Sheet-RMO-RMI.pdf Regulation of Drinking Water Threats under Clean Water Act Part IV]
* '''Technical Practitioners''' - CTC Source Protection Region [https://ctcswp.ca/resources/education-and-outreach/ Education and Outreach resources] including IPZs, WHPAs, Water Quality Threats, Road Salt, Snow Storage, Pesticides, Organic Solvents and DNAPLs.
* '''Landowners''' - [https://yourdrinkingwater.ca/files/brochures/CO-Fact-Sheet-Landowners.pdf What landowners can do to protect water quality & quantity]
* '''Real Estate Agents''' - [https://www.sourcewater.ca/en/how-it-works/resources/Documents/Publications_COFactsheet_RealEstate.pdf Drinking Water Source Protection in Ontario: What Every Real Estate Agent Should Know]
* '''Farmers/Agriculturalists''' - [https://yourdrinkingwater.ca/files/brochures/Agri-Action-ENG.pdf AGRI-ACTION: Protecting water from field to faucet]
==LID Site Considerations==
==LID Site Considerations==
{{:Site considerations}}
{{:Site considerations}}
==BMP Selection & Pretreatment for SWP==
==BMP Selection & Pretreatment for SWP==
[[File:Pollution hot spots.jpg|thumb|600px| Examples of activities that can lead to a source area being deemed a "Pollution hot spot" when it comes to surface runoff pollution (Photo Source: Müller et al. 2020<ref>Müller, A., Österlund, H., Marsalek, J. and Viklander, M. 2020. The pollution conveyed by urban runoff: A review of sources. Science of the Total Environment, 709, p.136125. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719361212#f0010</ref>).]]
[[File:Pollution hot spots.jpg|thumb|600px| Examples of activities that can lead to a source area being deemed a "Pollution hot spot" when it comes to surface runoff pollution (Photo Source: Müller et al. 2020<ref>Müller, A., Österlund, H., Marsalek, J. and Viklander, M. 2020. The pollution conveyed by urban runoff: A review of sources. Science of the Total Environment, 709, p.136125. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719361212#f0010</ref>).]]
An area, for example that contains a high density of roads and industrial areas that require large amounts of de-icing [[salt| road salt]] in the winter and experiences heavy traffic daily, make it a significant source of sodium, chloride, petroleum based hydrocarbons and [[heavy metals]]. On the other hand a source area such as a roof is only subject to atmospheric deposition of contaminants and isn't typically subjected to vehicular traffic, sand, [[salt]] nor other de-icing agents. As a result, roof runoff typically contains significantly lower levels of [[heavy metals]], petroleum hydrocarbons, salt.
An area, for example that contains a high density of roads and industrial areas that require large amounts of de-icing [[salt| road salt]] in the winter and experiences heavy traffic daily, make it a significant source of sodium, chloride, petroleum based hydrocarbons and [[heavy metals]]. On the other hand a source area such as a roof is only subject to atmospheric deposition of contaminants and isn't typically subjected to vehicular traffic, sand, [[salt]] nor other de-icing agents. As a result, roof runoff typically contains significantly lower levels of [[heavy metals]], petroleum hydrocarbons and salt.
Certain source areas known as "pollution hot spots" have a higher chance to create contaminated surface level runoff due to given activities occurring and associated contaminant types present on site (i.e. vehicle fueling stations, landfills, certain agricultural practices, manufacturing and construction sites, etc. As a result of this different runoff contamination levels also limit the types of treatment opportunities and practices that can be implemented in varying source water areas. It is important that stormwater management plans be developed with consideration of the different types of runoff source areas that will be present, and recognition of source
Certain source areas known as "pollution hot spots" have a higher chance to create contaminated surface level runoff due to given activities occurring and associated contaminant types present on site (e.g., vehicle fueling stations, landfills, certain agricultural practices, manufacturing and construction sites). It is important that stormwater management plans be developed with consideration of the different types of runoff source areas that will be present, and recognition of source areas with low to moderate contamination potential that represent opportunities for [[Rainwater Harvesting| rainwater harvesting]], [[permeable pavements]] and other stormwater infiltration practices. Furthermore, it is important to ensure that relatively clean runoff is not mixed with lesser quality runoff from surfaces that are subject to higher levels of contamination, rendering it less suitable for infiltration or harvesting.
areas with low to moderate contamination potential that represent opportunities for [[Rainwater Harvesting| rainwater harvesting]], [[permeable pavements]] and other stormwater infiltration practices. Furthermore, it is important to ensure that relatively clean runoff is not mixed with lesser quality runoff from surfaces that are subject to higher levels of contamination, rendering it less suitable for infiltration or harvesting.
A summary of stormwater source area types, associated runoff characteristics and stormwater BMP opportunities and pretreatment requirements is provided in the table below:
A summary of stormwater source area types, associated runoff characteristics and stormwater BMP opportunities and pretreatment requirements is provided in the table below:
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==External Resources==
==Source Water Protection in Other Canadian Jurisdictions==
[[File:Legal tool first nations.PNG|500px|thumb|Cover page of the [https://cela.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/LEGAL-TOOLKIT-Source-Water-Protection-in-Indigenous-Communities_0.pdf final report] from the collaborative partnership between the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation, the Oneida Nation of the Thames, the Munsee-Delaware Nation (CMO) and the Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA) and funded by the Law Foundation of Ontario that highlights the legal toolkit created to provide legal tools which can be implemented in Indigenous communities across Ontario to help residents protect their local source waters and mitigate threats. (Photo Source: CELA et al. 2019<ref>The Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA), Chippewas of the Thames, Munsee-Delaware and Oneida Nation of the Thames (CMO). 2019. Legal and Policy Tools for Source Water Protection in Indigenous Communities - A Tri-First Nation (Chippewas of the Thames First Nation, Munsee-Delaware First Nation, Oneida Nation of the Thames) and Canadian Environmental Law Association Initiative. ISBN: 978-1-77189-939-0. Publication No. 1233. Published: 7 January 2019. Accessed 3 June 2022. https://cela.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/LEGAL-TOOLKIT-Source-Water-Protection-in-Indigenous-Communities_0.pdf</ref>)]]
===First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Planning===
In 2011 the Federal government issued a national assessment of on-reserve drinking water systems, they found that most First Nations did not have an existing SPP in place. After this assessment was completed, the [https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-ISC-SAC/DAM-WTR/STAGING/texte-text/source_1398366907537_eng.pdf First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan] was developed by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development in partnership with the Alberta First Nations' Technical Services Advisory Group (TSAG), Siksika First Nation, Alberta and Dr. Robert Patrick from the Department of Geography and Planning of University of Saskatchewan.
The document is both a descriptive guide and real-world template to be used to help develop a SPP on reserve lands. It describes necessary tools in developing a community based SPP by taking a watershed-scale approach to protecting freshwater supplies. The plan development is led by both Chief and Council of the community as the principal decision makers along with others responsible for landuse decisions and community planning initiatives (AAND, 2014<ref>Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development (AAND). 2014. First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan Guide and Template. ISBN: 978-1-100-23120-4. https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-ISC-SAC/DAM-WTR/STAGING/texte-text/source_1398366907537_eng.pdf</ref>)
===First Nations Communities (Southwestern Ontario)===
Most First Nations' reserves lie outside of Ontario's designated Source Water Protection Regions and Areas. In 2017 the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation, the Oneida Nation of the Thames, the Munsee-Delaware Nation (CMO) and the Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA) developed a partnership to create a series of Legal Toolkits for Source Water Protection in Indigenous Communities located along the Thames River in Southwestern Ontario. The series of five (5) toolkits discuss a host of issues with SPPs including by-laws, agricultural leases, consultations, environmental rights and appeals. They can be found at the links below (CELA, 2019<ref>Canadian Environmental Law Association. 2019. Source Water Protection in Indigenous Communities Legal Tool Kits. Accessed 7 June 2022. https://cela.ca/source-water-protection-in-indigenous-communities/</ref>):
# [https://cela.ca/legal-toolkit-source-water-protection-in-indigenous-communities/ '''Legal Toolkit Report''']
# [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-1-by-laws-as-an-authority-for-environmental-protection-and-enforcement/ '''Legal Tool 1:''' By-laws as an Authority for Environmental Protection and Enforcement]
# [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-2-consultation-and-accommodation-protocol-to-advance-source-water-protection/ '''Legal Tool 2:''' Consultation and Accommodation Protocol to Advance Source Water Protection]
# [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-3-public-environmental-rights-and-appeals-related-to-source-waters/ '''Legal Tool 3:''' Public Environmental Rights and Appeals Related to Source Waters]
# [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-4-considering-source-water-within-agricultural-leases-on-first-nation-reserve-lands/ '''Legal Tool 4:''' Considering Source Water within Agricultural Leases on First Nation Reserve Lands]
# [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-5-protecting-source-waters-under-the-clean-water-act/ '''Legal Tool 5:''' Protecting Source Waters Under the Clean Water Act]
In the [https://ourwatershed.ca/resources/reports-and-plans/source-protection-plan/ South Georgian Bay Lake Source Protection Region] there are three indigenous communities: Beausoleil First Nation, Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation, and Chippewas of Rama First Nation. At this time, the Chippewas of Rama First Nation has opted into the source water protection process by passing a Band Council resolution in 2011 and announced the [https://ourwatershed.ca/rama-first-nation-included-in-source-water-program/ inclusion of their drinking water system] within the Source Water Protection planning process back in 2014.
===Nova Scotia===
The Province of Nova Scotia (through Nova Scotia Environment - NSE) released their, [https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/docs/NSWaterStrategy.pdf Drinking Water Strategy for Nova Scotia], which provides a framework for managing both drinking water supplies, intakes and vulnerable areas across the province. The NSE published five (5) technical documents which provide guidance to practitioners on how to create and deliver source water protection plans, the overall processes it entails and solutions to problems that may occur.
Similar to Ontario the NSE requires either the local water utility company or the municipality itself to create an advisory committee made up of councillors, municipal engineers, landowners residents and businesses along with consultants to carry out technical requirements and steps. The committee must then map out the Water Protection Boundary with optional public consultation and input, after which known and potential contaminants and risks will be assessed dependent upon the activities that may pose a risk to source water supply areas. Then the advisory committee is tasked with developing and implementing a Source Water Protection Management Plan that includes the '''ABC's''' of source water protection:
* ('''A''')quisition of land in source water supply areas to improve protection of water quality
* ('''B''')y-laws to develop new municipal planning strategies and create new regulations and permits for work conducted in source water supply areas.
* ('''B''')MPs and guidelines to best manage and monitor activities that take place in the water supply area
* ('''C''')ontingency Plans for when an unexpected event occurs that threatens the source water area and the health of the local population
* ('''D''')esignation, the Environment Act in Nova Scotia allows for areas to be created known as Designated Protected Water Areas. this allows a water utility or municipality to properly regulate activities that occur in these protected regions
* ('''E''')ducation, the committee will work with stakeholders and users in the source water supply area to highlight important piece of information they should know when working in these areas regarding their role in protecting local drinking water and overall water stewardship BMPs.
[[File:Drinking water protection tool.PNG|500px|thumb|Title page of B.C's, Ministry of Health Services, and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection's [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/documents/bc_drinking_water_screening_tool.pdf Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Screening Tool], which is a ste-by-step questionnaire developed for water suppliers to help aid them in identifying risks to their drinking water sources and systems (Photo Source: Ministry of Health Services and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, 2004<ref> Ministry of Health Services and Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. 2004. Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Screening Tool. Accessed 6 June 2022. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/documents/bc_drinking_water_screening_tool.pdf</ref>)]]
Finally, the last step is to create a "Monitoring and Evaluation Plan", which sets up specific prescribed procedures for ongoing monitoring of the area to ensure water quality contaminants are mitigated and a formalized source water protection plan review process is implemented (Government of Nova Scotia, n.d.<ref> Government of Nova Scotia. n.d. Developing a Municipal Source Water Protection Plan. A Guide for Water Utilities and Municipalities. Accessed June 7 2022. https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/docs/WaterProtectionPlanSummary.pdf</ref>). All of this information and more can be found here on [https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/sourcewater.asp Nova Scotia's Environment and Climate Change's Source Water Protection Home Page]
===British Columbia===
In the province of British Columbia (BC) there are two (2) primary source water protection documents:
1. [https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/00_01009_01 Drinking Water Protection Act (DWPA)] - Covers both water source and system assessments within the province along with response plans to unmitigated risks
2. [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/drinking-water-quality/resources-for-water-system-operators#source-to-tap-assessment Drinking Water Protection Plans (DWPP)] - Ordered and made required by the Minister of Health under the DWPA, 2001 [SBC 2001] Chapter 9 (Government of British Columbia, n.d.(a))<ref>Government of British Columbia. n.d. Drinking Water Protection Planning. Current Health Topics. Accessed June 7 2022. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/about-bc-s-health-care-system/office-of-the-provincial-health-officer/current-health-topics/drinking-water-protection-planning#:~:text=In%20BC%2C%20there%20are%20two,of%20Health%20under%20the%20Act.</ref>
* '''Landowners''' - [https://yourdrinkingwater.ca/files/brochures/CO-Fact-Sheet-Landowners.pdf What landowners can do to protect water quality & quantity]
The government of BC has created an excellent portal for water system operators and suppliers to access current resources and tools that help them understand their role and responsibilities under the DWPA, 2001 and includes the following:
* '''Real Estate Agents''' - [https://www.sourcewater.ca/en/how-it-works/resources/Documents/Publications_COFactsheet_RealEstate.pdf Drinking Water Source Protection in Ontario: What Every Real Estate Agent Should Know]
* [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/drinking-water-quality/resources-for-water-system-operators#source-to-tap-assessment Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Guideline Document] - provides a step by step approach to evaluating risks to drinking water that coincides with requirements within the DWPA, 2001
* '''Farmers/Agriculturalists''' - [https://yourdrinkingwater.ca/files/brochures/Agri-Action-ENG.pdf AGRI-ACTION: Protecting water from field to faucet]
* [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/documents/bc_drinking_water_screening_tool.pdf Drinking Water Source-to-Tap Screening Tool] - An alternative method for assessing risk in drinking water systems, the tool contains 97 questions and is a "question-and-answer" based document that allows drinking water officers to determine if a water supplier submitting the document needed to undertake a comprehensive assessment to further analyze associated risk and vulnerabilities
* '''Risk Management Officials and Inspectors''' - [https://yourdrinkingwater.ca/files/brochures/CO-Fact-Sheet-RMO-RMI.pdf Regulation of Drinking Water Threats under Clean Water Act Part IV]
* [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/waterquality/resources-for-water-operators/ercp-sws-final-aug17-2016.pdf Emergency Response Plan] - Developed to help water officers develop their own emergency response plan in more rural areas that possess small water systems
* '''Technical Practitioners''' - [https://ctcswp.ca/resources/education-and-outreach/ Remaining Resources including IPZs, WHPAs, Water Quality Threats, Road Salt, Snow Storage, Pesticides, Organic Solvents and DNAPLs, etc.]
* [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/waterquality/how-drinking-water-is-protected-in-bc/garp_assessment_oct_2017.pdf Guidance Document for Determining Ground Water at Risk of Containing Pathogens (GARP)] - Developed for drinking water officers to determine if groundwater sources are at risk of certain pathogens.
* '''All Users''' - [https://swpip.ca/index.html Source Water Protection Information Portal] - An all in one hub developed by the Ministry of the Environment Conservation and Parks (MECP) to help users understand drinking water threats, updated SWP policies, access to the Source Protection Information Atlas (SPIA) Tool, and Technical Rules under the Clean Water Act.
* [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water-system-assessment-user-guide.pdf Water System Assessment User's Guide] - Aids both operators and owners to assess their water system's safety and overall security.
* and more (Government of British Columbia, n.d.(B))<ref>Government of British Columbia. n.d. Resources for Water System Operators. Drinking Water Quality. Accessed June 7 2022. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/drinking-water-quality/resources-for-water-system-operators#source-to-tap-screening</ref>
==References==
==References==