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Line 52: − <br> − In a recent international research literature review on urban rainwater harvesting systems, Campisano et al. (2017) note that degree of implementation and design choices are strongly influenced by economic constraints (need for low cost, easy to retrofit systems) and government regulations (need for policies, standards and guidelines that ensure system efficacy and improve community acceptance), and that systems tend to be designed for water conservation alone, without considering co-benefits like helping to achieve stormwater management objectives. <ref> Campisano, A., Butler, D., Ward, S., Burns, M.J., Friedler, E., DeBusk, K., Fisher-Jeffes, L.N., Ghisi, E., Rahman, A., Furumai, H., Han, M. 2017. Urban rainwater harvesting systems: Research, implementation and future perspectives. Water Research. 115 (2017) 195-209. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135417301483?via%3Dihub </ref> Line 115:
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→Life Cycle Costs
The first option may be suitable for systems optimized for exterior irrigation only. But regulatory authorities may not permit the use of such seasonal systems as part of a storm water control strategy. Year round systems can be protected from freezing by locating the pipes, pumps and cistern indoors and/or below the frost penetration depth[http://www.raqsb.mto.gov.on.ca/techpubs/ops.nsf/0/ee1f1756eacc00e18525808200628fbf/$FILE/OPSD3090.101%20Rev%231%20Nov2010.pdf].
The first option may be suitable for systems optimized for exterior irrigation only. But regulatory authorities may not permit the use of such seasonal systems as part of a storm water control strategy. Year round systems can be protected from freezing by locating the pipes, pumps and cistern indoors and/or below the frost penetration depth[http://www.raqsb.mto.gov.on.ca/techpubs/ops.nsf/0/ee1f1756eacc00e18525808200628fbf/$FILE/OPSD3090.101%20Rev%231%20Nov2010.pdf].
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==Inspection and Maintenance==
==Inspection and Maintenance==
==Life Cycle Costs==
==Life Cycle Costs==
To learn about Life Cycle Costs associated with this practice (i.e. Pre-construction, Excavation, Materials & Installation, Project Management, Overhead, Inspection and Maintenance, Rehabilitation and other associated costs), visit the [[Rainwater Harvesting & Cisterns: Life Cycle Costs]] page to view accurate BMP cost estimates and learn to plan your own LID-based project budget with [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/lid-lcct/ STEP's Low Impact Development Life Cycle Costing Tool (LID LCCT)].
To learn about Life Cycle Costs associated with this practice (i.e. Pre-construction, Excavation, Materials & Installation, Project Management, Overhead, Inspection and Maintenance, Rehabilitation and other associated costs), visit the [[Rainwater Harvesting & Cisterns: Life Cycle Costs]] page to view a cost estimate for a 50,000 L, below-ground concrete cistern. Alternatively you can use the [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/lid-lcct/ STEP's Low Impact Development Life Cycle Costing Tool (LID LCCT)] to generate cost estimates customized to your own LID stormwater design project specifications.
Take a look at the [[Rainwater Harvesting & Cisterns: Life Cycle Costs]] page by clicking below for further details:
Take a look at the [[Rainwater Harvesting & Cisterns: Life Cycle Costs]] page by clicking below for further details: