Changes

===Other Benefits===

===Other Benefits===

* ''Winter Performance:'' Snow plow and deicing costs are reduced due to rapid drainage of snow melt. Puddling on parking lots is also reduced.  A two year study of PICP in Vaughan found that the PICP provides equivalent or higher levels of safety compared with asphalt when treated with de-icing products at medium (0.049 kg/m2) or low (0.024 kg/m2) salt application rates<ref>Marvin, J., Scott, J., Van Seters, T., Bowers, B., Drake, J. Winter Maintenance of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement: Evaluating Opportunities to Reduce Road Salt Pollution and Improve Winter Safety, submitted to Transportation Research Record May 2020, under review</ref>.

* ''Winter Performance:'' Snow plow and deicing costs are reduced due to rapid drainage of snow melt. Puddling on parking lots is also reduced.  A two year study of PICP in Vaughan found that the PICP provides equivalent or higher levels of safety compared with asphalt when treated with de-icing products at medium (0.049 kg/m2) or low (0.024 kg/m2) salt application rates<ref>Marvin, J., Scott, J., Van Seters, T., Bowers, B., Drake, J. Winter Maintenance of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement: Evaluating Opportunities to Reduce Road Salt Pollution and Improve Winter Safety, submitted to Transportation Research Record May 2020, under review</ref>.

*''Urban Heat Island Effect Reduction:'' Porous materials have less thermal conductivity and thermal capacity than traditional impervious pavement, thereby reducing the urban heat island effect <ref name="example3">Ferguson, B.K. 2005. Porous Pavements. Integrative Studies in Water Management and Land Development. Taylor and Francis: New York.</ref>.  Year round measurements of asphalt and PICP surface temperatures in King City, Ontario showed asphalt temperatures above  20°C approximately 12% more often than the adjacent permeable pavers [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2013/03/PP_FactsheetSept2011-compressed.pdf/ (TRCA, 2008)].  

*''Urban Heat Island Effect Reduction:'' Porous materials have less thermal conductivity and thermal capacity than traditional impervious pavement, thereby reducing the urban heat island effect <ref name="example3">Ferguson, B.K. 2005. Porous Pavements. Integrative Studies in Water Management and Land Development. Taylor and Francis: New York.</ref>.  Year round measurements of asphalt and PICP surface temperatures in King City, Ontario showed asphalt temperatures above  20°C approximately 12% more often than the adjacent permeable pavers [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2013/03/PP_FactsheetSept2011-compressed.pdf/ (TRCA, 2008)].