Changes

Of the standard granular materials in the standard OPSS.MUNI 1010 only '''Granular O''' is recommended as a substitute for [[reservoir aggregate| clear stone]].  

{{Textbox|1= Where Granular O is substituted for clear stone in underground reservoir structures, the void ratio used in design calculations shall be '''0.3''' unless laboratory testing proves otherwise.}}

<onlyinclude>Of the standard granular materials in the standard [https://www.roadauthority.com/Standards/?id=a28fdfaf-3bf8-4679-81ca-4e44b2263cf8 OPSS.PROV 1010] only '''Granular O''' is recommended as a substitute for [[reservoir aggregate| clear stone]] in LID construction.  

Examples of BMPs with underground reservoirs include [[Underdrains]], [[infiltration trenches]], [[permeable paving]], [[infiltration chambers]], [[exfiltration trenches]].  

{{Textbox|1= Where Granular O is substituted for clear stone in underground reservoir structures, the porosity used in design calculations shall be '''0.3''' unless laboratory testing proves otherwise.}}

Examples of BMPs with underground reservoirs include [[Underdrains]], [[infiltration trenches]], [[permeable pavements]], [[infiltration chambers]], [[exfiltration trenches]].  

All other mixes must be avoided for free drainage or storage as they are permitted to contain a higher enough proportion of fines to reduce permeability below 50 mm/hr.   

All other mixes must be avoided for free drainage or storage as they are permitted to contain a higher enough proportion of fines to reduce permeability below 50 mm/hr.   

 

===Justification===

===Justification===

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Grain size analysis, percent passing<ref>OPSS. (2013). Material Specficiation for Aggregates - Base, Subbase, Select Subgrade, and Backfill Material. Retrieved from http://www.raqsb.mto.gov.on.ca/techpubs/ops.nsf/0/0b9aa4d966cac4f9852580820062909e/$FILE/OPSS.MUNI%201010%20Nov%2013.pdf</ref>  

|+ Grain size analysis, percent passing<ref>OPSS. (2013). Material Specification for Aggregates - Base, Subbase, Select Subgrade, and Backfill Material. Retrieved from https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/91ba-ecs-specs-roadspecs-TS_1010_Sep2017.pdf</ref> <ref>OPSS. (2020). Construction Specification for Open Grades Drainage Layer. OPSS.PROV 320. Retrieved from: https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/91ba-ecs-specs-roadspecs-TS_1010_Sep2017.pdf</ref>

!rowspan = "2" align = center| Sieve size (mm)  

!rowspan = "2" align = center| Sieve size (mm)  

!colspan = "2" align = center| A  

!colspan = "2" align = center| A  

!colspan = "2" align = center| M

!colspan = "2" align = center| M

!colspan = "2" align = center| O

!colspan = "2" align = center| O

!colspan = "2" align = center| SSM

!colspan = "2" align = center| (SSM)<br>

|-

|-

| High  || Low || High  || Low || High  || Low || High  || Low || High  || Low || High  || Low || High  || Low

| High  || Low || High  || Low || High  || Low || High  || Low || High  || Low || High  || Low || High  || Low|| High  || Low

|-

|-

| 150 ||  ||  || 100 || 100 ||  ||  || 100 || 100 ||  ||  ||  ||  || 100 || 100

| 150 ||  ||  || 100 || 100 ||  ||  || 100 || 100 ||  ||  ||  ||  || 100 || 100|| ||

|-

|-

| 106 ||  ||  ||  ||  || 100 || 100 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  

| 106 ||  ||  ||  ||  || 100 || 100 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || || ||

|-

|-

| 37.5 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 100 || 100 ||  ||  

| 37.5 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 100 || 100 ||  || || 100|| 100

|-

|-

| 26.5 || 100 || 100 || 50 || 100 || 50 || 100 || 50 || 100 ||  ||  || 95 || 100 || 50 || 100

| 26.5 || 100 || 100 || 50 || 100 || 50 || 100 || 50 || 100 ||  ||  || 95 || 100 || 50 || 100|| 100|| 95

|-

|-

| 19 || 85 || 100 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 100 || 100 || 80 || 95 ||  ||  

| 19 || 85 || 100 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 100 || 100 || 80 || 95 ||  || ||  100|| 90

|-

|-

| 13.2 || 65 || 90 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 75 || 95 || 60 || 80 ||  ||  

| 13.2 || 65 || 90 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 75 || 95 || 60 || 80 ||  || || 86|| 40

|-

|-

| 9.5 || 50 || 73 ||  ||  ||  ||  || 32 || 100 || 55 || 80 || 50 || 70 ||  ||  

| 9.5 || 50 || 73 ||  ||  ||  ||  || 32 || 100 || 55 || 80 || 50 || 70 ||  || ||  55|| 20

|-

|-

| 4.75 || 35 || 55 || 20 || 100 || 20 || 55 || 20 || 90 || 35 || 55 || 20 || 45 || 20 || 100

| 4.75 || 35 || 55 || 20 || 100 || 20 || 55 || 20 || 90 || 35 || 55 || 20 || 45 || 20 || 100 || 10|| 0

|-

|-

| 1.18 || 15 || 40 || 10 || 100 || 10 || 40 || 10 || 60 || 15 || 40 || 0 || 15 || 10 || 100

| 1.18 || 15 || 40 || 10 || 100 || 10 || 40 || 10 || 60 || 15 || 40 || 0 || 15 || 10 || 100|| ||

|-

|-

| 0.3 || 5 || 22 || 2 || 65 || 5 || 22 || 2 || 35 || 5 || 22 ||  ||  || 5 || 95

| 0.3 || 5 || 22 || 2 || 65 || 5 || 22 || 2 || 35 || 5 || 22 ||  ||  || 5 || 95|| ||

|-

|-

| 0.15 ||  || 15 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 2 || 65

| 0.15 ||  || 15 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 2 || 65|| ||

|-

|-

| 0.075 || 2 || 8 || 0 || 8 || 0 || 10 || 0 || 8 || 2 || 8 || 0 || 5 || 0 ||style='color: red'|'''25'''

| 0.075 || 2 || 8 || 0 || 8 || 0 || 10 || 0 || 8 || 2 || 8 || 0 || 5 || 0 ||style='color: red'|25|| 2|| 0

|-

|-

| d₆₀ || 13 || 6 || 35 || 0.25 || 25 || 6 || 40 || 1.2 || 10 || 5 || 15 || 7 || 35 || 0.15

| d₆₀ || 13 || 6 || 35 || 0.25 || 25 || 6 || 40 || 1.2 || 10 || 5 || 15 || 7 || 35 || 0.15 || 2 || style='color: red'|NaN

|-

|-

| d₁₀ || 0.7 || 0.1 || 1 || 0.08 || 1.2 || 0.075 || 1.2 || 0.085 || 0.6 || 0.09 || 2.5 || 0.3 || 1.2 ||style='color: red'|NaN

| d₁₀ || 0.7 || 0.1 || 1 || 0.08 || 1.2 || 0.075 || 1.2 || 0.085 || 0.6 || 0.09 || 2.5 || 0.3 || 1.2 ||style='color: red'|NaN || 0.658|| 0.466

|-

|-

| Content Uniformity || 19 || 60 || 35 || 3 || 21 || 80 || 33 || 14 || 17 || 56 || 6 || 23 || 29 ||  

| Content Uniformity || 19 || 60 || 35 || 3 || 21 || 80 || 33 || 14 || 17 || 56 || 6 || 23 || 29 || || 3||style='color: red'|NaN

|-

|-

| Void ratio (Vukovic) || 0.26 || 0.26 || 0.26 || 0.40 || 0.26 || 0.26 || 0.26 || 0.27 || 0.27 || 0.26 || 0.34 || 0.26 || 0.26 ||  

| Porosity (Vukovic) || 0.26 || 0.26 || 0.40 || 0.26 || 0.26 || 0.26 || 0.27 || 0.26 || 0.27 || 0.26 || 0.34 || 0.26 || 0.26 || || 0.40 || 0.25

|-

|-

! Mean void ratio (Vukovic)

! Mean porosity (Vukovic)

!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.26

!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.26

!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.33

!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.33

!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.3

!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.3

!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.26

!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.26

|-

|-

| K_(Hazen)(mm/hr) || 1764 ||style='color: red'|36 || 3600 ||style='color: red'|23 || 5184 ||style='color: red'|20 || 5184 ||style='color: red'|26|| 1296 ||style='color: red'|29|| 22500 || 324 || 5184 ||style='color: red'|NaN

| K_(Hazen)(mm/hr) || 1764 ||style='color: red'|36 || 3600 ||style='color: red'|23 || 5184 ||style='color: red'|20 || 5184 ||style='color: red'|26|| 1296 ||style='color: red'|29|| 22500 || 324 || 5184 ||style='color: red'|NaN ||62500 ||

|-

|-

! Mean K_(hazen)(mm/hr)

! Mean K_(hazen)(mm/hr)

!colspan = "2" align = center| 663  

!colspan = "2" align = center| 663  

!colspan = "2" align = center| 11412

!colspan = "2" align = center| 11412

!colspan = "2" align = center| style='color: red'|NaN  

!colspan = "2" align = center style='color: red'|NaN  

|}

|}

Void ratios were calculated based on the coefficient of uniformity (''C_U'')<ref>Vuković, Milan and Soro, Andjelko Determination of hydraulic conductivity of porous media from grain-size composition. Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colo, 1992.</ref><ref>Odong, J. (2007). Evaluation of Empirical Formulae for Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity based on Grain-Size Analysis. Journal of American Science, 3(3). Retrieved from http://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/0303/10-0284-Odong-Evaluation-am.pdf</ref><ref>Zhang, S. (2017). Relationship between Particle Size Distribution and Porosity in Dump Leaching. the University of British Columbia. Retrieved from https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0357233</ref>:

Porosity values were calculated based on the coefficient of uniformity (''C_U'')<ref>Vuković, Milan and Soro, Andjelko Determination of hydraulic conductivity of porous media from grain-size composition. Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colo, 1992.</ref><ref>Odong, J. (2007). Evaluation of Empirical Formulae for Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity based on Grain-Size Analysis. Journal of American Science, 3(3). Retrieved from http://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/0303/10-0284-Odong-Evaluation-am.pdf</ref><ref>Zhang, S. (2017). Relationship between Particle Size Distribution and Porosity in Dump Leaching. the University of British Columbia. Retrieved from https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0357233</ref>:

<math>V_{R}=0.255\left ( 1+0.83^{C_{U}} \right )</math>

<math>n=0.255\left ( 1+0.83^{C_{U}} \right )</math>

Where coefficient of uniformity is the ratio of the 60th and 10th percentile grain sizes:

Where coefficient of uniformity is the ratio of the 60th and 10th percentile grain sizes:

<math>C_U=\frac{d_{60}}{d_{10}}</math>

<math>C_U=\frac{d_{60}}{d_{10}}</math>

Permeability (''K'') was estimated from the 10th percentile grain size using the [[Hazen]] formula.   

Permeability (''K'') was estimated from the 10th percentile grain size using the [[Hazen]] formula.