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Line 133: − ===Making it happen: Approaches to getting LID into parks=== − The scale of your LID project will largely determine how to proceed. While you can usually complete small-scale LID projects with in-house expertise and resources, large-scale projects require external support from consultants and contractors. − − ====Small-scale projects==== − [[File:Example4.jpg|thumb|A [[no-mow]] zone is a landscape alternative that does not require construction activities. (Source: Aquafor Beech)]] − − Starting with small-scale projects is a good strategy to increase public interest in LID practices, gauge municipal support and gain experience. Small-scale projects include retrofitting your park with landscape alternatives, rain barrels, or by using pollution prevention strategies and practices. − − Small-scale projects require fewer resources and a smaller project budget: − * They do not require integration into capital works projects − * Engineering consultants are not required − * Contractors may not be not required − * External approvals are not required − * Consultation with the public is limited − − Due to less financial commitment, it can be easier to build colleague support and to gain supervisor approval for small-scale projects. However, small-scale projects like landscape alternatives and pollution prevention may not be easily identified as LID practices by the public. Your project team should consider establishing educational signage to inform the public. − − ====Large-scale projects==== − − Large-scale projects require significantly more effort, budget, and staff than small-scale projects. Large-scale LID practices include: − * [[Bioretention]] − * [[Enhanced grass swales]] − * [[Bioswales]] − * Perforated pipe systems − * [[Permeable paving|Permeable pavement]] − * [[Soakaways, Infiltration Trenches and Infiltration Chambers Guide|Soakaways]] − * [[Infiltration chambers]] − * [[Rainwater harvesting]] − * Prefabricated modules − − Consider a large-scale project if your municipality or department would like to be a leader in sustainability. Large scale projects are often highly visible and attract more public attention. Large-scale projects may also be the only solution to site-specific challenges. For example, if the parking lot on your site does not have existing stormwater controls, small-scale projects are not likely to fully achieve compliance with water quality and quantity objectives. Consider using an infiltration chamber or bioswale project to meet those objectives. − − Before starting a large-scale retrofit project, consider the following distinctions that set these retrofits apart from small-scale projects. − − ====Integration with capital works programs==== − Most large-scale LID retrofits must function with existing site infrastructure, such as storm sewers, catch basins and pavement systems. Constructing large-scale − LID practices often requires these systems to be removed, exposed or replaced. Planned infrastructure replacement or rehabilitation projects provide opportunities for implementing LID practices. For example, if a planned project requires removing existing pavement, infiltration chambers, permeable pavement or bioretention can be incorporated. Budget and resources already set aside for infrastructure projects can be set aside for a retrofit project including replacement existing infrastructure. − − ====Involvement of consultants and contractors==== − Consultants are required for large-scale retrofit projects, specifically for the final screening of options, pre-design, detailed design, tender and contract documents, construction supervision and administration, and assumption and verification. Site contractors are also required for large-scale LID retrofits. − − Ideally, contractors should be pre-qualified based on previous experience with similar LID projects. − − ====More intensive public consultation==== − Stakeholders must be closely involved in the retrofit process for large-scale LID projects. These projects have longer construction windows, may have significant impacts on long term public use patterns of the park, and will have significantly higher costs. Gaining public insight in advance of LID implementation can − help address public concerns and information gaps, as well as identify public supporters and champions. Public consultation can help designers tailor the project to address community concerns and values. − − ====External approvals==== − Large-scale park retrofits may require a variety of approvals at the municipal, watershed, provincial and/or federal level. Since LID is still relatively new, you may encounter policies or bylaws that present barriers to LID retrofit projects. Alternatively, the municipality may have to enforce some policies and bylaws to facilitate the implementation of LID projects within parks. Line 188:
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Line 306: − Prefabricated modular infiltration chambers are gaining − acceptance because they are easy to integrate with parking − lot functions. These subsurface systems are typically installed − over a coarse granular reservoir to provide water storage and − allow infiltration into native soils. Infiltration chambers under − conventional asphalt systems work well on sites where parking − demand does not allow space for a stormwater feature. Line 375:
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Line 370: − − ===stuff to maybe integrate into the above=== − − '''Figure 6.3.1: When considering any parking lot retrofit, first determine if the parking spaces provided are consistent with the''' − demand. In place of worship, the demand will fluctuate. (Source: CVC) − − '''Did you know that green roofs can help''' − reduce your heating and cooling costs? − These systems absorb heat and act as − insulators for buildings. It has been estimated − that a 3,000 m2 green roof on a one story − building in Toronto could reduce the cost of − cooling a building in the summer by 6% and − the cost of heating a building by 10% in the − winter23.
→Targeting hard surfaces
[[File:Example4.jpg|thumb|A [[no-mow]] zone is a landscape alternative that does not require construction activities. (Source: Aquafor Beech)]]
[[File:Example4.jpg|thumb|A [[no-mow]] zone is a landscape alternative that does not require construction activities. (Source: Aquafor Beech)]]
[[File:Fletchers Creek Senior School - planting - 2013.jpg|thumb|right|A student helps with planting at Fletchers Creek Senior School. Small-scale LID projects are a great way to engage with young children. Source: CVC]]
[[File:Fletchers Creek Senior School - planting - 2013.jpg|thumb|right|A student helps with planting at Fletchers Creek Senior School. Small-scale LID projects are a great way to engage with the next generation of environmental stewards. Source: CVC]]
Starting with small-scale projects is a good strategy to increase public interest in LID practices, gauge municipal support, and gain retrofit experience. Small-scale projects include retrofitting your site with [[Landscape alternatives|landscape alternatives]], [[Rain barrels|rain barrels]], enhancements of existing swales, or using [[Pollution prevention|pollution prevention]] strategies and practices.
Starting with small-scale projects is a good strategy to increase public interest in LID practices, gauge municipal support, and gain retrofit experience. Small-scale projects include retrofitting your site with [[Landscape alternatives|landscape alternatives]], [[Rain barrels|rain barrels]], enhancements of existing swales, or using [[Pollution prevention|pollution prevention]] strategies and practices.
* [[Bioswales]]
* [[Bioswales]]
* Perforated pipe systems
* Perforated pipe systems
* [[Permeable paving|Permeable pavement]]
* [[Permeable pavements]]
* [[Soakaways, Infiltration Trenches and Infiltration Chambers Guide|Soakaways]]
* [[Soakaways, Infiltration Trenches and Infiltration Chambers Guide|Soakaways]]
* [[Infiltration chambers]]
* [[Infiltration chambers]]
Consultants are required for large-scale retrofit projects, specifically for the final screening of options, pre-design, detailed design, tender and contract documents, construction supervision and administration, and assumption and verification. Site contractors are also required for large-scale LID retrofits.
Consultants are required for large-scale retrofit projects, specifically for the final screening of options, pre-design, detailed design, tender and contract documents, construction supervision and administration, and assumption and verification. Site contractors are also required for large-scale LID retrofits.
Ideally, contractors should be pre-qualified based on previous experience with similar LID projects.
Ideally, contractors should be pre-qualified based on previous experience with similar LID projects. Remember, the contractor with the lowest bid does not necessarily deliver the best product.
====Intensive public consultation====
====Intensive public consultation====
==Parks==
==Parks==
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|The bioretention area installed at O’Connor Park in Mississauga is part of a stormwater management system that treats parking lot runoff prior to discharging to a local wetland. (Source: CVC)]]
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|The bioretention area installed at O’Connor Park in Mississauga is part of a stormwater management system that treats parking lot runoff prior to discharging to a local wetland. (Source: CVC)]]
[[File:Example1.jpg|thumb|Urban parkettes may look small, but they have the potential to treat a large surface area of road. Typical ratios of impervious drainage area to a bioretention range from 5:1 to 15:1. (Source: CVC)]]
[[File:Example1.jpg|thumb|Urban parkettes may look small, but they have the potential to treat a large surface area of road. Typical ratios of impervious drainage area to a bioretention range from 5:1 to 15:1. (Source: CVC)]]
[[File:Example3.jpg|thumb|The road surface (left) contributes significantly more stormwater pollutants than the parkland area (right). To achieve maximum watershed benefit a designer could consider accepting runoff from this external area. (Source: CVC)]]
[[File:Example3.jpg|thumb|The road surface (left) contributes significantly more stormwater pollutants than the parkland area (right). To achieve maximum watershed benefit a designer could consider accepting runoff from this external area. (Source: CVC)]]
Parks range from simple parcels of municipal property to complex outdoor recreational facilities that include parking, sidewalks, trails, sports fields, field houses, operations facilities and washrooms. Each distinct area of your site can be a source for runoff (referred to as a ‘source area’). Target these areas when introducing LID in your park.
Parks range from simple parcels of municipal property to complex outdoor recreational facilities that include parking, sidewalks, trails, sports fields, field houses, operations facilities and washrooms. Each distinct area of your site can be a source for runoff (referred to as a ‘source area’). Target these areas when introducing LID in your park.
located adjacent to pervious areas such as lawns, gardens or naturalized areas. This makes parks an ideal location for a LID retrofit. Where grading allows, you can construct [[bioswales]] and [[bioretention]] areas in these green areas to pre-treat water prior to infiltration.
located adjacent to pervious areas such as lawns, gardens or naturalized areas. This makes parks an ideal location for a LID retrofit. Where grading allows, you can construct [[bioswales]] and [[bioretention]] areas in these green areas to pre-treat water prior to infiltration.
You can also design parking surfaces and internal roadways as infiltration systems using permeable pavement. This retrofit strategy can be combined with other LID practices. Pathways paved with [[permeable paving]] are another LID option for your park. They reduce runoff volumes and encourage on-site infiltration. [[Exfiltration trenches]] are a viable option on many parks sites as well, as they provide an alternative to conventional conveyance systems (such as storm sewers). They encourage infiltration from hard surfaces and can be used to convey water to other LID features.
You can also design parking surfaces and internal roadways as infiltration systems using permeable pavement. This retrofit strategy can be combined with other LID practices. Pathways paved with [[permeable pavements]] are another LID option for your park. They reduce runoff volumes and encourage on-site infiltration. [[Exfiltration trenches]] are a viable option on many parks sites as well, as they provide an alternative to conventional conveyance systems (such as storm sewers). They encourage infiltration from hard surfaces and can be used to convey water to other LID features.
===Accepting drainage from off-site areas===
===Accepting drainage from off-site areas===
===Inter-municipal transfer of funds===
===Inter-municipal transfer of funds===
Integrating LID practices into the municipal stormwater management framework may require a change in how municipal funds are managed. Traditional stormwater management maintenance resources and funds may have to be transferred to a more landscape-based stormwater management maintenance program. Instead of infrequent but expensive stormwater management pond sediment removal operations, time and resources would be spent on more frequent but inexpensive maintenance projects, including pruning and weeding bioretention practices or sweeping permeable pavement.
Integrating LID practices into the municipal stormwater management framework may require a change in how municipal funds are managed. Traditional stormwater management maintenance resources and funds may have to be transferred to a more landscape-based stormwater management maintenance program. Instead of infrequent but expensive stormwater management pond sediment removal operations, time and resources would be spent on more frequent but inexpensive maintenance projects, including pruning and weeding bioretention practices or sweeping permeable pavement.
Municipalities generally have the required staff and infrastructure within departments (e.g. arborists and horticulturalists in parks departments) to manage the maintenance of LID measures. However, funding this maintenance may require a transfer of funding and additional training.
Municipalities generally have the required staff and infrastructure within departments (e.g. arborists and horticulturalists in parks departments) to manage the maintenance of LID measures. However, funding this maintenance may require a transfer of funding and additional training.
===Source Areas===
===Source Areas===
The best LID option for your site will depend what types of source areas are present. Source areas may include:
The best LID option for your site will depend what types of source areas are present. Source areas may include:
[[File:Example6.jpg|thumb|Source areas within a typical park]]
* Active use areas
* Active use areas
* Passive use areas
* Passive use areas
|-
|-
!Source area
!Source area
![[Permeable paving]]
![[Permeable pavements]]
![[Bioretention]]
![[Bioretention]]
![[Enhanced grass swales]]
![[Enhanced grass swales]]
|}
|}
[[File:Example5.jpg|thumb|When installing new parks equipment, consider whether the LID practices can be integrated into the design. Here a bioswale has been built into the landscape between a playground and sidewalk. (Source: CVC)]]
[[File:Example5.jpg|thumb|When installing new parks equipment, consider whether the LID practices can be integrated into the design. Here a bioswale has been built into the landscape between a playground and sidewalk. (Source: CVC)]]
[[Category:Planning]]
[[Category:Planning]]
==Schools==
==Schools==
[[File:Elm Drive Bioretention.JPG|thumb|right|The Peel District School Board's Adult Education Centre South school partnered with the City of Mississauga to manage runoff from the adjacent street, Elm Drive, on their property. This partnership benefits the City by giving it space to provide an enhanced level of stormwater treatment, and benefited the school through the construction of new parking lay-bys for students. The site is maintained by the City of Mississauga. Source: CVC]]
[[File:Elm Drive Bioretention.JPG|thumb|right|The Peel District School Board's Adult Education Centre South school partnered with the City of Mississauga to manage runoff from the adjacent street, Elm Drive, on their property. This partnership benefits the City by giving it space to provide an enhanced level of stormwater treatment, and benefited the school through the construction of new parking lay-bys for students. The site is maintained by the City of Mississauga. Source: CVC]]
possible and unlikely options for the source areas that you
possible and unlikely options for the source areas that you
are likely to find on your school site. These source areas are:
are likely to find on your school site. These source areas are:
[[File:Landforms of a school.JPG|thumb|Source areas within a typical school site.]]
* Active use area
* Active use area
* Passive use area
* Passive use area
* Parking lot
* Parking lot
See the landforms of a school picture on the right for ideas on how to target these areas. The table below gives a more detailed breakdown of LID options for different source areas.
See the landforms of a school picture on the right for ideas on how to target these areas. The table below gives a more detailed breakdown of LID options for different source areas.
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! Source area
! Source area
! [[Permeable pavement]]
! [[Permeable pavements]]
! [[Bioretention]]
! [[Bioretention]]
! [[Enhanced grass swales]] / [[Bioswales|bioswales]]
! [[Enhanced grass swales]] / [[Bioswales|bioswales]]
! [[Green roofs]]
! [[Green roofs]]
![[Soakaways, Infiltration Trenches and Infiltration Chambers Guide| Soakaways]] and [[Infiltration trenches|infiltration trenches]]
! Soakaways and [[Infiltration trenches|infiltration trenches]]
! [[Exfiltration trenches|Perforated pipe systems]]
! [[Exfiltration trenches|Perforated pipe systems]]
! [[Rainwater harvesting]]
! [[Rainwater harvesting]]
==Places of worship==
==Places of worship==
Each distinct area of a place of worship can be a source for runoff
Each distinct area of a place of worship can be a source for runoff
over 30 years, and permeable interlocking concrete pavers
over 30 years, and permeable interlocking concrete pavers
can have a design life of 20 to 25 years or greater.
can have a design life of 20 to 25 years or greater.
Prefabricated modular infiltration chambers are gaining
acceptance because they are easy to integrate with parking
lot functions. These subsurface systems are typically installed
over a coarse granular reservoir to provide water storage and
allow infiltration into native soils. Infiltration chambers under
conventional asphalt systems work well on sites where parking
demand does not allow space for a stormwater feature.
Using LID techniques to manage stormwater can also
Using LID techniques to manage stormwater can also
eliminate or reduce the need for an on-site storm sewer
eliminate or reduce the need for an on-site storm sewer
negates the need to replace on-site piping, thereby saving
negates the need to replace on-site piping, thereby saving
long-term infrastructure replacement costs.
long-term infrastructure replacement costs.
===Landscaped areas===
===Landscaped areas===
The LID option that best fits your site will depend what types
The LID option that best fits your site will depend what types
of source areas are present. Types of source areas include:
of source areas are present. Types of source areas include:
[[File:Landforms of a place of worship.JPG|thumb|Source areas within a typical place of worship]]
* Active use area
* Active use area
* Passive use area
* Passive use area
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! Source area
! Source area
! [[Permeable pavement]]
! [[Permeable pavements]]
! [[Bioretention]]
! [[Bioretention]]
! [[Enhanced grass swales]] / [[Bioswales|bioswales]]
! [[Enhanced grass swales]] / [[Bioswales|bioswales]]
! [[Green roofs]]
! [[Green roofs]]
![[Soakaways, Infiltration Trenches and Infiltration Chambers Guide| Soakaways]] and [[Infiltration trenches|infiltration trenches]]
! Soakaways and [[Infiltration chambers|infiltration chambers]]
! [[Exfiltration trenches|Perforated pipe systems]]
! [[Exfiltration trenches|Perforated pipe systems]]
! [[Rainwater harvesting]]
! [[Rainwater harvesting]]
|style="text-align: left;" |Building || * || * || * || ** || ** || * || ** || o || o || *
|style="text-align: left;" |Building || * || * || * || ** || ** || * || ** || o || o || *
|}
|}
[[Category: Planning]]
[[Category: Planning]]