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Line 1: + − [[File:Anatomy of a green street.png|thumb|Anatomy of a green street (Source: Ann English)]] − Rights of way (ROW) standards in Ontario vary by municipality, but generally there are seven typical ROW types: − − #Local residential − #Residential collector − #Local industrial − #Industrial collector − #Minor arterial − #Major arterial − #Main streets − − − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Line 41:
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LID opportunities in road-right-of-ways (view source)
Revision as of 17:22, 12 June 2018
, 5 years ago→Other design considerations
Rights of way (RoW) standards in Ontario vary by municipality, but generally there are seven typical ROW types:
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This article discusses the characteristics, opportunities, constraints, and examples for each of these road types. This guidance is not intended to be prohibitive of other LID options, but rather to help reduce the number of LID options in the preliminary phases of screening and to alert the designer to LID opportunities unique to each road type. Adjacent land uses, traffic demands, utility locations, budget constraints and geological conditions will determine the most appropriate LID solution.
This article discusses the characteristics, opportunities, constraints, and examples for each of these road types. This guidance is not intended to be prohibitive of other LID options, but rather to help reduce the number of LID options in the preliminary phases of screening and to alert the designer to LID opportunities unique to each road type. Adjacent land uses, traffic demands, utility locations, budget constraints and geological conditions will determine the most appropriate LID solution.
==Local residential road==
==Local residential road==
[[File:Local Residential Road Rural Cross-section.png|thumb|Residential Road (Rural Cross-Section) and applicable LID options]]
[[File:Local Residential Road Rural Cross-section.png|thumb|Residential Road (Rural Cross-Section) and applicable LID options]]
Local residential streets are the most common street type. They serve as access to the residential lots within areas created by, or bounded by, thoroughfares, arterials, collectors, primary residential streets and other physical boundaries, e.g. natural streams and railroads. Since their primary function is local vehicular access rather than inter-community circulation, theses roads have low traffic volumes and serve mostly lightweight vehicular traffic, but they must accommodate the rapid access needs of emergency vehicles.
Local residential streets are the most common street type. They serve as access to the residential lots within areas created by, or bounded by, thoroughfares, arterials, collectors, primary residential streets and other physical boundaries, e.g. natural streams and railroads. Since their primary function is local vehicular access rather than inter-community circulation, theses roads have low traffic volumes and serve mostly lightweight vehicular traffic, but they must accommodate the rapid access needs of emergency vehicles.
===Rural cross-section===
===Rural cross-section===
{{Textbox|1=Characteristics specific to the residential rural cross section include:
{{Textbox|1=Characteristics specific to the residential rural cross section include:
*Shoulders are grassed, gravel, or bare soil from winter maintenance, pedestrians and street side parking
*Shoulders are grassed, gravel, or bare soil from winter maintenance, pedestrians and street side parking
*Side drainage ditches are often narrow, poorly graded,and can be difficult for homeowners to maintain
*Side drainage ditches are often narrow, poorly graded,and can be difficult for homeowners to maintain
*Utilities are often in separate trenches rather than a combined utility trench}}
*Utilities are often in separate trenches rather than a combined utility trench}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ LID options for rural residential road (rural cross section)<br>
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! RoW Construction Type
! [[Stormwater planters]]
! [[Curb extensions]]
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
! [[Bioswales|Bioswales]]
! [[Enhanced swales]]
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
! [[Permeable paving]]
! Prefabricated modules
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Resurfacing || o || o || * ||** || ** || * || * || o
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Reconstruction || o ||o || * ||** || ** ||* || * || o
|}
{|class= wikitable "style=text-align: center;"
{|class= wikitable "style=text-align: center;"
===Urban cross-section===
===Urban cross-section===
[[File:Local Residential Road Urban Cross-section.png|thumb|Local residential road (urban cross-section) and applicable LID options]]
[[File:Local Residential Road Urban Cross-section.png|thumb|Local residential road (urban cross-section) and applicable LID options]]
{{Textbox|1= Characteristics specific to the urban cross section include:
{{Textbox|1= Characteristics specific to the urban cross section include:
*Parking zones are often underused
*Parking zones are often underused
*Residential boulevard space is the easiest to modify and use for stormwater management compared to other street types
*Residential boulevard space is the easiest to modify and use for stormwater management compared to other street types
*Utility lines may be in separate or shared trenches}}
*Utility lines may be in separate or shared trenches}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ LID options for local residential road (urban cross section) <br>
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! RoW Construction Type
! [[Stormwater planters]]
! [[Curb extensions]]
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
! [[Bioswales|Bioswale]]
! [[Enhanced swales]]
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
! [[Permeable paving]] (sidewalk)
! Prefabricated modules
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural to Urban Reconstruction|| o || * ||** ||* || * ||** ||** || o
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Resurfacing || o || ** ||** ||* || * ||** || * || o
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Reconstruction || o ||** ||** ||* || * ||** || ** || o
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Reduction || o || * || ** ||* || * ||** || o || o
|}
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
*Often have multi-modal use: transit, pedestrian, cyclists
*Often have multi-modal use: transit, pedestrian, cyclists
*Institutions such as schools, recreational facilities, and churches are often located along collectors}}
*Institutions such as schools, recreational facilities, and churches are often located along collectors}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ LID options for residential collector road <br>
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! RoW Construction Type
! [[Stormwater planters]]
! [[Curb extensions]]
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
! [[Bioswales|Bioswales]]
! [[Enhanced swales]]
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
! [[Permeable paving]] (sidewalk)
! Prefabricated modules
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Resurfacing|| o || o ||** ||** ||** || * || * || o
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Reconstruction || o || o ||** ||** || ** || * || * || o
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural to Urban Reconstruction || o ||* ||** ||** || o ||** || ** || *
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Resurfacing || o || o || ** ||* || o ||* || ** || *
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reconstruction || o || * || ** ||* || o ||** || ** || *
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reduction || o || o || ** ||* || o ||** || o || *
|}
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
==Local industrial road==
==Local industrial road==
[[File:Local_Industrial_Road_Cross_Section.png|thumb|LID options for the local industrial road]]
[[File:Local_Industrial_Road_Cross_Section.png|thumb|LID options for the local industrial road]]
Local industrial roads provide access to industry and other employment zones. Providing access and easy movement for large vehicles are a primary design characteristic of these types of streets. They have two to three lanes and are not intended for through traffic.
Local industrial roads provide access to industry and other employment zones. Providing access and easy movement for large vehicles are a primary design characteristic of these types of streets. They have two-to-three lanes and are not intended for through traffic.
{{textbox|1=Characteristics include:
{{textbox|1=Characteristics include:
*Traffic volumes may be low, but the road must still be wide enough to accommodate large vehicle turning movements and have the structural strength to support heavy loads
*Traffic volumes may be low, but the road must still be wide enough to accommodate large vehicle turning movements and have the structural strength to support heavy loads
*To avoid interference with truck movements, landscaping should be low, and trees should be high branching or setback from the roadway
*To avoid interference with truck movements, landscaping should be low, and trees should be high branching or setback from the roadway
*Boulevards are often wide allowing for swale or other landscape treatment options}}
*Boulevards are often wide, allowing for swale or other landscape treatment options}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ LID options local industrial road <br>
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! RoW Construction Type
! [[Stormwater planters]]
! [[Curb extensions]]
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
! [[Bioswales|Bioswales]]
! [[Enhanced swales]]
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
! [[Permeable paving]] (sidewalk)
! Prefabricated modules
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Resurfacing|| o || o ||* ||*||** || * || * || *
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Reconstruction || o|| o||*||*|| ** || * || * || *
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural to Urban Reconstruction || o ||o||* ||* || o ||** || ** || **
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Resurfacing || o || o || * ||* || o ||* || * || **
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reconstruction || o || o || * ||* || o ||** || ** || **
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reduction || o || o || * ||* || o ||** || * || **
|}
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|
|
*Consideration should be given for wide turning trucks which may encroach on and degrade landscaping or road shoulders. Grid paver systems or widened gravel shoulders near turning areas can be used to accommodate occasional encroachment.
*Consideration should be given for wide turning trucks which may encroach on and degrade landscaping or road shoulders. Use grid paver systems or widened gravel shoulders near turning areas to accommodate occasional encroachment.
|
|
*LID options for local industrial roads will heavily depend on the adjacent industries. For example, bioswales and other filtering practices may clog quickly where heavy industry like concrete mixing plants will track sediment onto the roads.
*LID options for local industrial roads depend heavily on adjacent industries. For example, bioswales and other filtering practices may clog quickly where heavy industry like concrete mixing plants track sediment onto the roads.
*Grass swales with sediment traps or prefabricated oil/grit separators which can be cleaned out on a frequent routine basis would be appropriate.
*Grass swales with sediment traps or prefabricated oil/grit separators which can be cleaned out on a frequent routine basis would be appropriate.
*Bioswales and perforated pipe can work well in areas of light industrial and commercial land uses.
*Bioswales and perforated pipe can work well in areas of light industrial and commercial land uses.
*High profile industry is often located along industrial collectors and a high quality corporate landscape treatment is expected
*High profile industry is often located along industrial collectors and a high quality corporate landscape treatment is expected
*To avoid interference with truck movements landscaping near roads should be low and trees should be high branching or setback from the roadway
*To avoid interference with truck movements landscaping near roads should be low and trees should be high branching or setback from the roadway
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ LID options industrial collector road <br>
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! RoW Construction Type
! [[Stormwater planters]]
! [[Curb extensions]]
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
! [[Bioswales|Bioswales]]
! [[Enhanced swales]]
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
! [[Permeable paving]]
! Prefabricated modules
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Resurfacing|| o || o ||* ||*||** || * || * || *
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Reconstruction || o|| o||*||*|| ** || * || * || *
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural to Urban Reconstruction || o ||o||* ||* || * ||** || * || **
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Resurfacing || o || o || * ||* || * ||* || * || **
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reconstruction || o || o || * ||* || * ||** || * || **
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reduction || o || o || * ||* || * ||** || * || **
|}
===Typical LID opportunities===
===Typical LID opportunities===
'''Within the boulevard:'''
'''Within the boulevard:'''
*Broad enhanced grass swales with perforated pipe can take advantage of wide boulevard spaces
*Broad enhanced grass swales with perforated pipe can take advantage of wide boulevard spaces
*Any landscape based solutions must consider the landscaping expectations of adjacent properties both
*Any landscape-based solutions must consider the landscaping expectations of adjacent properties, with respect to both aesthetics and maintenance. Some areas will expect simple turf lawn frontage that can be easily maintained, while other higher-profile industrial
with respect to aesthetics and maintenance. Some areas will have an expectation for a simple turf lawn
areas will want distinctive, signature landscapes with decorative plantings and shrubs.
frontage that can be easily incorporated into their maintenance, while other higher profile industrial
areas will want distinctive signature landscapes with decorative plantings and shrubs.
==Minor arterial==
==Minor arterial==
[[File:Minor_Arterial_Road_Cross_Section.png|thumb|LID options for the minor arterial road]]
[[File:Minor_Arterial_Road_Cross_Section.png|thumb|LID options for the minor arterial road]]
Minor arterial roads are automobile oriented roads intended to move high vehicle traffic volumes and are typically four lanes. Pedestrian and bicyclist accommodations are sometimes expected. Other common characteristics include:
Minor arterial roads are automobile-oriented, move high volumes ofvehicle traffic and are typically four lanes. Pedestrian and bicyclist accommodations are sometimes expected. Other common characteristics include:
*Boulevards are often wide but must accommodate sidewalks on both sides, street trees and splash pads
*Boulevards are often wide, but must accommodate street trees, splash pads and sidewalks on both sides
*May include narrow medians, but runoff is typically directed away from them to road sides
*May include narrow medians, but runoff is typically directed away from them to road sides
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ LID options for the minor arterial road <br>
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! ROW Construction Type
! [[Stormwater planters]]
! [[Curb extensions]]
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
! [[Bioswales|Bioswales]]
! [[Enhanced swales]]
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
! [[Permeable paving]]
! Prefabricated modules
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Resurfacing|| o || o ||* ||*||** || * || * || *
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Reconstruction || o|| o||*||*|| ** || * || * || *
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural to Urban Reconstruction || ** ||o||* ||* || o ||** || ** || **
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Resurfacing || o || o || * ||* || o ||* || * || **
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reconstruction || ** || o || * ||* || o ||** || ** || **
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reduction || ** || o || * ||* || o ||** || * || **
|}
===Typical LID opportunities===
===Typical LID opportunities===
'''Within the boulevard:'''
'''Within the boulevard:'''
*Attractive [[stormwater planters]] and [[permeable paving]] sidewalks are appropriate for high density areas and where business districts expect an enhanced or signature streetscape.
*Attractive [[stormwater planters]] and [[permeable paving]] sidewalks are appropriate for high density areas and where business districts expect an enhanced or signature streetscape.
*Street [[trees]] can be supported with LID options by providing root volume space in [[bioretention]] practices or with sidewalk support systems. Permeable sidewalks allow air and moisture to reach tree roots which in turn reduces sidewalk buckling from roots pushing through the surface.
*Street [[trees]] can be supported with LID options by providing root volume space in [[bioretention]] practices or with sidewalk support systems. Permeable sidewalks allow air and moisture to reach tree roots, which in turn reduces sidewalk buckling from roots pushing through the surface.
==Major arterial road==
==Major arterial road==
Major Arterials are broad, four to six lanes, with an emphasis on speed, high volume vehicle flow and little on pedestrian or bicycle accommodation. Other characteristics include:
Major Arterials are broad, four to six lanes, with an emphasis on speed, high volume vehicle flow and little on pedestrian or bicycle accommodation. Other characteristics include:
*Wide boulevards and large landscaped medians are common
*Wide boulevards and large landscaped medians are common
*Due to higher travel speeds, maintaining clear zones and sight distances are critical
*Due to higher travel speeds, maintaining clear zones and sight distances is critical
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ LID options for the major arterial road <br>
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! ROW Construction Type
! [[Stormwater planters]]
! [[Curb extensions]]
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
! [[Bioswales|Bioswales]]
! [[Enhanced swales]]
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
! [[Permeable paving]]
! Prefabricated modules
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Resurfacing|| o || o ||* ||*||** || * || * || *
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Reconstruction || o|| o||*||*|| ** || * || * || *
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural to Urban Reconstruction || o ||o||* ||* || o ||** || ** || **
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Resurfacing || o || o || * ||* || o ||* || * || **
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reconstruction || ** || o || * ||* || o ||** || ** || **
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reduction || ** || o || * ||* || o ||** || * || **
|}
===Typical LID opportunities===
===Typical LID opportunities===
'''Within the roadway:'''
'''Within the roadway:'''
*Where possible, replace unnecessarily paved areas such as medians or traffic islands with pervious areas. If road grading allows, than these areas can be converted into treatment practices for surrounding impervious areas
*Where possible, replace unnecessarily paved areas such as medians or traffic islands with pervious areas. If road grading allows, convert these areas into treatment practices for surrounding impervious areas
*If the road is double crowned, then medians are an excellent place to treat arterial runoff with a simply landscaped bioretention or bioswales
*If the road is double crowned, medians are an excellent place to treat arterial runoff with simply landscaped bioretention areas or bioswales
*If road grades direct no runoff to the median, then reducing the median width and increasing the boulevard space would open more area for stormwater treatment along the side of the roads where the runoff drains
*If road grades direct no runoff to the median, reducing the median width and increasing the boulevard space would open more area for stormwater treatment along the side of the roads where the runoff drains
*Getting plants to survive may be difficult in narrow medians, consider decorative permeable paver solution over simply covering them with impervious asphalt or concrete
*Getting plants to survive may be difficult in narrow medians. Consider decorative permeable paver solution over simply covering them with impervious asphalt or concrete
'''Within the boulevard:'''
'''Within the boulevard:'''
*Bioretention planters are appropriate for high profile urban arterial roads, but they must be properly designed to handle flows from larger impervious areas and have easily cleaned pretreatment
*Bioretention planters are appropriate for high profile urban arterial roads, but they must be properly designed to handle flows from larger impervious areas and have easily cleaned pretreatment practices
==Main streets==
==Main streets==
[[File:Main_Streets_Cross_Section.png|thumb|LID options for main streets]]
[[File:Main_Streets_Cross_Section.png|thumb|LID options for main streets]]
Main streets are set in areas with high density commercial, residential, and mixed use and are typically focal points of the community. The buildings have small to no setbacks and create a continuous wall along the street. They offer an opportunity to incorporate beautifying green infrastructure, but they are also a challenge for designers owing to the multiple demands of street parking, street trees, business access, above and below ground utilities, pedestrian accommodations, and vehicle movement. Depending on age and prominence these streets may have been reconstructed multiple times and have infrastructure legacy issues like abandoned utility lines. Other characteristics include:
Main streets are set in areas with high-density commercial, residential, and mixed use and are typically focal points of the community. The buildings have small to no setbacks and create a continuous wall along the street. They offer an opportunity to incorporate beautifying green infrastructure, but they are also a challenge for designers owing to the multiple demands of street parking, street trees, business access, above and below ground utilities, pedestrian accommodations and vehicle movement. Depending on age and prominence, these streets may have been reconstructed multiple times and have infrastructure legacy issues like abandoned utility lines. Other characteristics include:
*Street parking is typical and may have frequent turn over and is necessary for local business.
*Street parking is typical, may have frequent turn over and is necessary for local business.
*ROW dimensions will vary greatly depending on the age of the community.
*ROW dimensions will vary greatly depending on the age of the community.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ LID options for main streets <br>
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! ROW Construction Type
! [[Stormwater planters]]
! [[Curb extensions]]
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
! [[Bioswales|Bioswales]]
! [[Enhanced swales]]
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
! [[Permeable paving]]
! Prefabricated modules
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Resurfacing|| o || o ||o ||o||o || o || * || **
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reconstruction || **|| **||o||o|| o || ** || ** || **
|-
|style="text-align: left;" | Urban Reduction|| ** ||**||o ||o || o ||** || ** || **
|}
===Typical LID opportunities===
===Typical LID opportunities===
Multifunctional LID practices are favored where there is a premium on space. Bioretention planters can serve as both the landscape amenity of the street and treat stormwater. Permeable pavement serves as a treatment practice but is also a hardscape for parking and pedestrians.
Multifunctional LID practices are favored where there is a premium on space. Bioretention planters can serve to beautify the street and to treat stormwater. Permeable pavement serves as a treatment practice but is also a hardscape for parking and pedestrians.
'''Within the roadway:'''
'''Within the roadway:'''
*Curb extension bioretention can be used as traffic calming features and reduce pedestrian crossing distances.
*Curb extension bioretention can be used as a traffic calming feature and reduce pedestrian crossing distances.
'''Within the boulevard:'''
'''Within the boulevard:'''
*Due to the high profile of this street type, they are maintained on a frequent basis and provide the most appropriate setting for an aesthetic bioretention feature.
*Due to the high profile of these types of street, they are maintained on a frequent basis and provide the most appropriate setting for aesthetically pleasing bioretention features.
*Street trees are high priorities for this road type and LID options should support or incorporate them by providing root volume space in bioretention practices or with sidewalk support systems.
*Street trees are high priorities for this road type and LID options should support or incorporate them by providing root volume space in bioretention practices or with sidewalk support systems.
==Other design considerations==
==Other design considerations==
The previous sections presented the most common options based on the type of construction and the road type. The project team must use the information gathered through the background review [[Link]] field reconnaissance [[Link]], feedback gained from the public engagement[[Link]] as well as from the LID practice Suitability & Considerations Comparison Table [[Link]] to determine the feasible and optimal LID options for the site. Below is a list of factors to be considered when choosing the type of practice and how it will be incorporated into the site:
The previous sections presented the most common options based on road and construction types. The project team must use the information gathered through the [[Site conditions road right of ways|background review and field reconnaissance]], feedback gained from the public engagement, as well as from the LID practice Suitability & Considerations Comparison Table to determine the feasible and optimal LID options for the site. Below is a list of factors to be considered when choosing the type of practice and how it will be incorporated into the site:
'''Relevant stormwater criteria –''' compliance with high level municipal and agency documents (i.e. Subwatershed study, master drainage plan).
'''Relevant stormwater criteria –''' compliance with high level municipal and agency documents (i.e. Subwatershed study, master drainage plan).