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− | '''<h3>[[LID opportunities in parks]]</h3>''' [[File:Example.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|The bioretention area installed at O’Connor Park
| + | #REDIRECT [[LID opportunities on public land]] |
− | in Mississauga is part of a stormwater management system
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− | that treats parking lot runoff prior to discharging to a local
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− | wetland. (Source: CVC)]]
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− | | |
− | Parks range from simple parcels of municipal property to
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− | complex outdoor recreational facilities that include parking,
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− | sidewalks, trails, sports fields, field houses, operations
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− | facilities, and washrooms. Each distinct area of your site can
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− | be a source for runoff (referred to as a ‘source area’). These
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− | areas should be targeted when introducing LID in your park.
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− | <br><br>
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− | '''<h4>Targeting hard surfaces</h4>'''
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− | Hard surfaces like parking lots and internal driveways are the
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− | most obvious areas to target for both stormwater quality and
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− | water balance improvements. These features produce more
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− | runoff than any other area on your site. Water quality of runoff
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− | from parking lots and driveways is typically more polluted
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− | than other source areas. Common water quality concerns
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− | include sand and salt from winter de-icing operations, and
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− | hydrocarbons (gasoline) and metals from vehicle breakdowns
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− | Runoff from vegetated areas of parks will be relatively
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− | clean and more closely match the natural water balance.
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− | On municipal park properties, hard surfaces are usually
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− | located adjacent to pervious areas such as lawns, gardens or naturalized areas. This makes an ideal location for a LID
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− | retrofit. Where grading allows, you can construct bioswales
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− | and bioretention areas in these green areas to pre-treat water
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− | prior to infiltration.
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− | You can also design parking surfaces and internal roadways
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− | as infiltration systems using permeable pavement. This retrofit
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− | strategy can be combined with other LID practices.
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− | A pedestrian pathway paved with permeable pavement
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− | is another LID option for your park. They will reduce runoff
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− | volumes and encourage on-site infiltration. Pervious pipes
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− | are a viable option on many parks sites as well. They can be
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− | an alternative to conventional conveyance systems such as
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− | storm sewers. They encourage infiltration from hard surfaces
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− | and can be used to convey water to other LID features.
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− | <br> <br>
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− | '''<h4>Accepting drainage from off-site areas</h4>''' [[File:Example1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Urban parkettes may look small, but they have
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− | the potential to treat a large surface area of road. Typical ratios
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− | of impervious drainage area to bioretention range from 5:1 to
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− | 15:1. (Source: CVC)]]
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− | | |
− | Does municipally owned land drain into your retrofit site? If
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− | so, this is an opportunity to provide stormwater controls for
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− | these areas.
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− | Roads are the most common source of runoff from external
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− | properties into parks. Treating municipal road runoff in a park
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− | requires planning input from municipal roads department
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− | staff. For these projects, the team must understand how all
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− | roads activities, including winter maintenance and potential
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− | roadwork, will affect the operation of LID practices in the park.
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− | <br><br>
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− | '''<h4>Inter-municipal transfer of funds</h4>''' Integrating LID practices into the municipal stormwater
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− | management framework may change how municipal funds are
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− | managed. Traditional stormwater management maintenance
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− | resources and funds may have to be transferred to a more landscape-based stormwater management maintenance program. Instead of infrequent but expensive stormwater management pond sediment removal operations, time and
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− | resources will be spent on more frequent but inexpensive maintenance projects including pruning and weeding bioretention practices or sweeping permeable pavement.
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− | Municipalities generally have the required staff and infrastructure within departments (e.g. arborist and horticulturalists in parks departments) to manage the maintenance of LID measures; however, funding this maintenance may require a transfer of funding and additional
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− | training.
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− | The federal Gas Tax Fund (GTF) is another funding option for
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− | funding LID retrofits. This is a federal transfer that provides
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− | long term funding for municipalities to build and revitalize
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− | public infrastructure. Up to 30% of municipalities yearly GTF
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− | allotment can be used towards stormwater management.
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− | <br><br>
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− | | |
− | '''<h4>Source Areas</h4>''' [[File:Example3.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|The road surface (left) contributes significantly
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− | more stormwater pollutants than the parkland area (right). To
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− | achieve maximum watershed benefit a designer could consider
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− | accepting runoff from this external area. (Source: CVC)]]
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− | The LID option that best fits your site will depend what types
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− | of source areas are present. Types of source areas include:
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− | • Active use area
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− | • Passive use area
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− | • Pedestrian walkway
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− | • Internal driveway
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− | • Parking lot
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− | On park sites, pollution prevention is often associated with
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− | changes to operations and maintenance practices and has
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− | not been included in Table 3.3.1. An aerial photo of a park
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− | with each of these source areas accompanies Table 3.3.1.
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− | Options and implementation strategies for a few of these
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− | source areas will give you some ideas for your park site.
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− | {| class="wikitable"
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− | |colspan="9" style="text-align: center;|'''[[LID Options for Parks]]'''
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− | |-
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− | |style="background:cyan; color:black"| Source area ||style="background:cyan; color:black"| Permeable pavement || style="background:cyan; color:black"| Bioretention || style="background:cyan; color:black"| Enhanced grassed swales || style="background:cyan; color:black"| Bioswales ||style="background:cyan; color:black"| Soakaways and infiltration chambers ||style="background:cyan; color:black"| Perforated pipe system || style="background:cyan; color:black"| Landscape alternatives ||style="background:cyan; color:black"| Prefabricated modules
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− | |-
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− | | Active use area ||style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| o || style="text-align: center;|* || style="text-align: center;|* || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|* ||style="text-align: center;| o ||style="text-align: center;| o
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− | |-
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− | | Passive use area ||style="text-align: center;| o || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| **
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− | |-style="text-align: center;|
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− | | Pedestrian walkway || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| * || style="text-align: center;|* || style="text-align: center;|o
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− | |-
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− | | Internal driveway || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|o ||style="text-align: center;| *
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− | |-
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− | | Parking lot ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| o || style="text-align: center;|**
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− | | |
− | |-
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− | !colspan="3" style="background:yellow; color:black"| '''** Common option'''
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− | !colspan="3" style="background: orange; color: black"|'''* Possible option'''
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− | !colspan="3" style="background: brown; color: white"|'''o Unlikely'''
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− | |}
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− | '''<h3>[[Making it happen: Approaches to getting LID into parks]] </h3>'''
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− | | |
− | The scale of your LID project will largely determine how you
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− | will proceed. This guide provides two tiers of LID park retrofit
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− | projects. You can usually complete small-scale LID projects
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− | with in-house expertise and resources. Large-scale projects
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− | will require external support from consultants and contractors.
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− | | |
− | '''<h4>Small-scale projects</h4>''' [[File:Example4.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|A no-mow zone is a landscape alternative that
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− | does not require construction activities. (Source: Aquafor Beech)]]
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− | Starting with small-scale projects is a good strategy to
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− | increase public interest in LID practices, gauge municipal
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− | support, and gain experience. Small-scale projects include
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− | retrofitting your parks site with landscape alternatives or rain
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− | barrels, or using pollution prevention strategies and practices.<br>
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− | Small-scale projects require fewer resources and require a
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− | smaller project budget because:
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− | * They do not require integration into capital works projects
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− | * Engineering consultants are not required
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− | * Contractors may not be not required
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− | * External approvals are not required
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− | * Consultation with the public is limited
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− | Due to the less significant financial commitment, it can be
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− | easier to build colleague and supervisor support for small-scale
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− | projects.<br>
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− | Small-scale projects like landscape alternatives and pollution
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− | prevention may not be easily identified as LID practices by
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− | the public. Your project team should consider establishing
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− | educational signage to inform the public.<br>
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− | '''<h4>Large-scale projects</h4>'''
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− | Large-scale projects require significantly more effort, budget,
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− | and staff than small-scale projects. Large-scale LID projects
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− | include:
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− | *Bioretention
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− | * Enhanced grass swales
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− | * Bioswales
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− | * Perforated pipe systems
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− | * Permeable pavement
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− | * Soakaways
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− | * Infiltration chambers
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− | * Rainwater harvesting (excluding rain barrels)
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− | * Prefabricated modules <br>
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− | Consider a large-scale project if your municipality or
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− | department would like to be a leader in sustainability. Largescale
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− | projects are often highly visible and attract more public
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− | attention. Large-scale projects may also be the only solution to
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− | site-specific challenges. For example, if the parking lot on your
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− | site does not have existing stormwater controls, small-scale
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− | projects are not likely to fully achieve compliance with water
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− | quality and quantity objectives. Consider using an infiltration
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− | chamber or bioswale project to meet those objectives.
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− | Before starting a large-scale retrofit project, consider the
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− | following distinctions that set these retrofits apart from smallscale
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− | projects.<br>
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− | '''<h4>Integration with capital works programs</h4>'''
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− | Most large-scale LID retrofits must function with existing
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− | site infrastructure, such as storm sewers, catch basins,
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− | and pavement systems. The construction of large-scale
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− | LID practices often requires these systems to be removed,
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− | exposed, or replaced. The best time for this type of project to
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− | occur is when an infrastructure replacement or rehabilitation
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− | project is already planned.
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− | For example, installing bioretention, infiltration chambers,
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− | or permeable pavement in a parking lot requires removal of
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− | existing pavement. Budget and resources set aside for parking lot replacement could be transferred to a retrofit project that
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− | includes replacement of this infrastructure.<br>
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− | '''<h4>Involvement of consultants and contractors</h4>'''
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− | Consultants are required for large-scale retrofit projects,
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− | specifically for the final screening of options, pre-design,
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− | detailed design, tender and contract documents, construction
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− | supervision and administration, and assumption and
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− | verification. Site contractors are also required for large-scale LID retrofits.
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− | Ideally, contractors should be pre-qualified based on previous
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− | experience with similar LID projects.
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− | <br>
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− | '''<h4>More intensive public consultation</h4>'''
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− | Stakeholders must be closely involved in the retrofit process
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− | for large-scale LID projects. These projects have longer
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− | construction windows, may have significant impacts on longterm
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− | public use patterns of the park, and will cost significantly
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− | more taxpayer dollars.
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− | Gaining public insight in advance of LID implementation can
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− | help address public concerns and information gaps, as well as
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− | identify public supporters and champions. Public consultation
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− | can help designers tailor the project to address community
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− | concerns and values. [[File:Example5.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|When installing new parks equipment, consider whether the LID practices can be integrated into the design. Here a
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− | bioswale has been built into the landscape between a playground and sidewalk. (Source: CVC)]]
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− | | |
− | '''<h4>External approvals</h4>'''
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− | Large-scale park retrofits may require a variety of approvals
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− | at the municipal, watershed, provincial, and/or federal level.
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− | Since LID is still relatively new, you may encounter policies
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− | or bylaws that present barriers to LID retrofit projects.
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− | Alternatively, the municipality may have to enforce some
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− | policies and bylaws to facilitate the implementation of LID
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− | projects within parks.
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− | <br>
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− | '''<h4>Next Steps</h4>'''
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− | After reading this chapter you should know how to select the
| |
− | right LID practice for your site. You should also be familiar
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− | with the details you need to consider before undertaking an
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− | LID retrofit.
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