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LID opportunities in industrial, commercial and multi-residential types (view source)
Revision as of 14:22, 1 October 2018
, 5 years agono edit summary
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This section identifies source areas typically found on industrial, commercial and multi-residential properties and gives advice on which LID practices are (usually) ideal for each land-use type. Source areas include parking lots, roofs, pedestrian walkways, common areas and landscape areas. The section also discusses LID retrofit opportunities and constraints accompanying these source areas and provides a table for each land use group identifying common, possible, and unlikely retrofit options.
This section identifies source areas typically found on industrial, commercial and multi-residential properties and gives advice on which LID practices are (usually) ideal for each land-use type. Source areas include parking lots, roofs, pedestrian walkways, common areas and landscape areas. The section also discusses LID retrofit opportunities and constraints accompanying these source areas and provides a table for each land use group identifying common, possible, and unlikely retrofit options.
==High-rise and mid-rise sites==
==High-rise and mid-rise sites==
[[File:High_Rise_Mid_Rise_Options.png|thumb|LID options for high-rise and mid-rise sites]]
Mid- and high-rise sites (four storeys or more) share common features. These buildings are often for residential use and include apartments or condominiums. Leasing companies or condominium associations usually operate these buildings. Many office buildings also belong to this category. Office buildings may be operated by an independent site owner, but often commercial land management groups own and operate them.
Mid- and high-rise sites (four storeys or more) share common features. These buildings are often for residential use and include apartments or condominiums. Leasing companies or condominium associations usually operate these buildings. Many office buildings also belong to this category. Office buildings may be operated by an independent site owner, but often commercial land management groups own and operate them.
===Parking lots===
===Parking lots===
Mid- and high-rise buildings have higher user occupancy densities than other sites and require significant parking area. To conserve site area, these parking lots are typically located underground. Mid- and high-rise buildings usually have flat roofs that drain internally to onsite storm sewer networks. They typically have common areas, but their size and function vary.
Mid- and high-rise buildings have higher user occupancy densities than other sites and require significant parking area. To conserve site area, these parking lots are typically located underground. Mid- and high-rise buildings usually have flat roofs that drain internally to onsite storm sewer networks. They typically have common areas, but their size and function vary. [[Bioretention: Parking lots]]
===Common areas===
===Common areas===
In many municipalities, the rooftops of mid- and high-rise buildings are not visible. Developing LID practices on these surfaces will provide benefits but will be more difficult to promote, since a benefit of green roofs is their aesthetic appeal. The exception is major urban centres where a significant number of high rises offer views of other buildings' roofs.
In many municipalities, the rooftops of mid- and high-rise buildings are not visible. Developing LID practices on these surfaces will provide benefits but will be more difficult to promote, since a benefit of green roofs is their aesthetic appeal. The exception is major urban centres where a significant number of high rises offer views of other buildings' roofs.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ LID options for high-rise and mid-rise sites <br>
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! Source area
! [[Permeable paving|Permeable pavement/sidewalk]]
! [[Bioretention]]
! [[Bioswales]]
! Soakaways
! Perforated pipe systems
! [[Rainwater harvesting]]
! [[Landscape alternatives]]
! Prefabricated modules
! [[Green roofs]]
! [[Pollution prevention]]
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Roof area || o || o || o ||o || o || ** || o || o||**||o
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Pedestrian / landscaped / common areas ||** ||** || * ||* || * ||o || ** || ** ||o||*
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Parking area || ** ||* || * ||* || * ||o || o || ** ||o||**
|}
==Low-rise residential sites==
==Low-rise residential sites==
[[File:Low_Rise_Options.png|thumb|LID options for low-rise land use]]
[[File:Low_Rise_Options.png|thumb|LID options for low-rise land use]]
Low-rise residential sites include townhouses and apartment complexes with fewer than four stories. Management groups or condominium boards usually operate these sites. Common landform features of low-rise residential sites include small parking lots, significant pedestrian walkways and landscaped areas. Townhouses have peaked roofs with external drainage, while low-rise apartment complexes have flat roofs with internal drainage.
Low-rise residential sites include townhouses and apartment complexes with fewer than four storeys. Management groups or condominium boards usually operate these sites. Common landform features of low-rise residential sites include small parking lots, significant pedestrian walkways and landscaped areas. Townhouses have peaked roofs with external drainage, while low-rise apartment complexes have flat roofs with internal drainage.
===Landscaped areas===
===Landscaped areas===
===Parking areas===
===Parking areas===
Parking areas on low-rise residential properties are often small and well-used by residents. These parking lots are graded to catch basins which connect to onsite storm sewers. Due to their smaller, decentralized design, parking areas for townhouse developments typically convey runoff overland to internal roadways equipped with storm sewers. Permeable pavement is a retrofit option for both types of parking facilities and for internal roads.
Parking areas on low-rise residential properties are often small and well-used by residents. These parking lots are graded to catch basins which connect to onsite storm sewers. Due to their smaller, decentralized design, parking areas for townhouse developments typically convey runoff overland to internal roadways equipped with storm sewers. Permeable pavement is a retrofit option for both types of parking facilities and for internal roads.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ LID options for low-rise sites <br>
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! Source area
! [[Permeable paving|Permeable pavement/sidewalk]]
! [[Bioretention]]
! [[Bioswales]]
! Soakaways
! Perforated pipe systems
! [[Rainwater harvesting]]
! [[Landscape alternatives]]
! Prefabricated modules
! [[Green roofs]]
! [[Pollution prevention]]
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Roof area || o || o || o ||o || o || ** || o || o||o||o
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Pedestrian / landscaped / common areas ||o ||o || o ||o || o ||* || ** ||o ||o||o
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Parking area || ** ||** || * ||* || * ||o || o || ** ||o||*
|}
==Large commercial sites==
==Large commercial sites==
Large commercial sites include big-box stores, warehouses, and shopping malls. Often located in highly urbanized commercial centres, they are usually owned and operated by land management companies.
Large commercial sites include big-box stores, warehouses, and shopping malls. Often located in highly urbanized commercial centres, they are usually owned and operated by land management companies.
Large commercial sites are rarely more than two stories in height. Typically they have large and often underused parking lots and flat roofs that drain internally through the building to onsite storm sewers. Though these sites are expansive, they rarely have complex networks of pedestrian walkways and often rely on vehicular traffic to get site users onsite.
Large commercial sites are rarely more than two storeys in height. Typically they have large and often underused parking lots and flat roofs that drain internally through the building to onsite storm sewers. Though these sites are expansive, they rarely have complex networks of pedestrian walkways and often rely on vehicular traffic to get site users onsite.
===Parking areas===
===Parking areas===
===Roof areas===
===Roof areas===
The roof areas of large commercial buildings are large impervious surfaces. Controlled roof drains have become a widely utilized tool for stormwater management with the commercial development industry. While these devices do attenuate flows, they do not significantly reduce runoff volumes. By simply directing roof runoff to a soakaway pit, you can provide a great amount of volumetric stormwater control. Consider going one step further and storing this water in a cistern for future use. Commercial rooftops are relatively clean, and complex filtration is not required for most non-potable uses.
The roof areas of large commercial buildings are large impervious surfaces. Controlled roof drains have become a widely utilized tool for stormwater management with the commercial development industry. While these devices do attenuate flows, they do not significantly reduce runoff volumes. By simply directing roof runoff to a soakaway pit, you can provide a great amount of volumetric stormwater control. Consider going one step further and storing this water in a cistern for future use. Commercial rooftops are relatively clean, and complex filtration is not required for most non-potable uses.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ LID options for large commercial sites <br>
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! Source area
! [[Permeable paving|Permeable pavement/sidewalk]]
! [[Bioretention]]
! [[Bioswales]]
! Soakaways
! Perforated pipe systems
! [[Rainwater harvesting]]
! [[Landscape alternatives]]
! Prefabricated modules
! [[Green roofs]]
! [[Pollution prevention]]
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Roof area || o || o || o ||o || o || ** || o || o||**||o
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Pedestrian / landscaped / common areas ||** ||** || ** ||* || o ||o || ** ||** ||o||*
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Parking area || ** ||** || ** ||** || * ||o || o || ** ||o||**
|}
==Small commercial sites==
==Small commercial sites==
===Parking areas===
===Parking areas===
Like large commercial sites, parking patterns on small commercial sites will include areas of high use close to the buildings, as well as areas used only during periods of peak demand. Due to lower vehicle speeds and fewer heavy loads, parking lots are ideal locations for
Like large commercial sites, parking patterns on small commercial sites will include areas of high use close to the buildings, as well as areas used only during periods of peak demand. Due to lower vehicle speeds and fewer heavy loads, parking lots are ideal locations for
permeable pavement installations. Bioretention areas are options for areas enclosed by curbing. Consider directing parking lot runoff to LID practices external to the parking lot, such as perimeter bioswales or soakaways. Infiltration chambers installed under parking lots would provide runoff volume reductions. Utilities, frequently electrical lines for lot lighting, may be buried within parking lots, so be sure to get locates before digging.
permeable pavement installations. Bioretention areas are options for areas enclosed by curbing. Consider directing parking lot runoff to LID practices external to the parking lot, such as perimeter bioswales or soakaways. Infiltration chambers installed under parking lots would provide runoff volume reductions. Utilities, frequently electrical lines for lot lighting, may be buried within parking lots, so be sure to get locates before digging.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ LID options for large commercial sites <br>
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! Source area
! [[Permeable paving|Permeable pavement/sidewalk]]
! [[Bioretention]]
! [[Bioswales]]
! Soakaways
! Perforated pipe systems
! [[Rainwater harvesting]]
! [[Landscape alternatives]]
! Prefabricated modules
! [[Green roofs]]
! [[Pollution prevention]]
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Roof area || o || o || o ||o || o || ** || o || o||**||o
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Pedestrian / landscaped / common areas ||** ||** || * ||* || * ||o || o||** ||o||*
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Parking area || ** ||* || * ||* || * ||o || o || ** ||o||**
|}
==Light industrial sites==
==Light industrial sites==
Light industrial lands often have storage and shipping and receiving areas located immediately adjacent to buildings. Due to the intensive use of these areas, they are significant contributors to pollutant loading.
Light industrial lands often have storage and shipping and receiving areas located immediately adjacent to buildings. Due to the intensive use of these areas, they are significant contributors to pollutant loading.
Often, the simplest and most inexpensive way to reduce pollutant loading from such areas is implementing [[https://www.epa.gov/p2P2 practices]]. P2 includes non-structural solutions that reduce pollutant loading by changing site practices. For example, reducing the amount of de-icing salts used in the winter can significantly improve runoff quality. Changing the location of product or waste storage from the perimeter of the site to a controlled catchment area or within the building can also improve runoff quality. Modifying loading and unloading practices by changing equipment or implementing weather policies can also be extremely effective in reducing the stormwater impact of a site.
Often, the simplest and most inexpensive way to reduce pollutant loading from such areas is implementing [[Pollution prevention|pollution prevention]] (P2) practices. P2 includes non-structural solutions that reduce pollutant loading by changing site practices. For example, reducing the amount of de-icing salts used in the winter can significantly improve runoff quality. Changing the location of product or waste storage from the perimeter of the site to a controlled catchment area or within the building can also improve runoff quality. Modifying loading and unloading practices by changing equipment or implementing weather policies can also be extremely effective in reducing the stormwater impact of a site.
Structural P2 practices for these areas could include spill containment structures used to temporarily detain materials or liquids until collection and disposal can occur. Spill containment structures should be part of a site-specific spill response plan. These systems may include subsurface vaults and oversized pipes with shut off valves. Staff training is mandatory for operating these systems.
Structural P2 practices for these areas could include spill containment structures used to temporarily detain materials or liquids until collection and disposal can occur. Spill containment structures should be part of a site-specific spill response plan. These systems may include subsurface vaults and oversized pipes with shut off valves. Staff training is mandatory for operating these systems.
===Staff parking areas and rooftops===
===Staff parking areas and rooftops===
These areas represent the best opportunity for establishing LID practices on light industrial sites. Runoff from these catchment areas can be treated with the same suite of LID options for commercial lands.
These areas represent the best opportunity for establishing LID practices on light industrial sites. Runoff from these catchment areas can be treated with the same suite of LID options for commercial lands.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ LID options for large commercial sites <br>
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! Source area
! [[Permeable paving|Permeable pavement/sidewalk]]
! [[Bioretention]]
! [[Bioswales]]
! Soakaways
! Perforated pipe systems
! [[Rainwater harvesting]]
! [[Landscape alternatives]]
! Prefabricated modules
! [[Green roofs]]
! [[Pollution prevention]]
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Roof area || o || o || o ||o || o || ** || o || o||**||o
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Pedestrian / landscaped / common areas ||o ||o || o ||o || o ||* || o||o ||*||*
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Parking / storage / loading and unloading areas || ** ||* || * ||* || * ||o || o || ** ||o||**
|}
==Institutional sites==
==Institutional sites==
Institutional sites present many opportunities for landscaped area retrofits. Often found along pedestrian pathways and adjacent to buildings, landscaped areas are ideal for establishing highly visible LID practices like bioretention areas or bioswales. Gardens and parking islands in close proximity to buildings can be converted to bioretention areas and/or irrigated via a rainwater harvesting system.
Institutional sites present many opportunities for landscaped area retrofits. Often found along pedestrian pathways and adjacent to buildings, landscaped areas are ideal for establishing highly visible LID practices like bioretention areas or bioswales. Gardens and parking islands in close proximity to buildings can be converted to bioretention areas and/or irrigated via a rainwater harvesting system.
To reduce site maintenance costs on large properties, site owners should consider alternative landscaping to a high-maintenance lawn. No-mow or naturalized areas require minimal maintenance compared to mown grass areas and can greatly reduce site runoff by encouraging interception by tree canopies and evapotranspiration by green vegetation. Naturalized areas with cleanly mowed edges and colourful plant species can still give the impression of an orderly and attractive landscape.
To reduce site maintenance costs on large properties, site owners should consider alternative landscaping to a high-maintenance lawn. No-mow or naturalized areas require minimal maintenance compared to mown grass areas and can greatly reduce site runoff by encouraging interception by [[Trees|tree]] canopies and [[evapotranspiration]] by green vegetation. Naturalized areas with cleanly mowed edges and colourful plant species can still give the impression of an orderly and attractive landscape.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ LID options for large commercial sites <br>
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
! Source area
! [[Permeable paving|Permeable pavement/sidewalk]]
! [[Bioretention]]
! [[Bioswales]]
! [[Soakaways]]
! [[Perforated pipe systems]]
! [[Rainwater harvesting]]
! [[Landscape alternatives]]
! [[Prefabricated modules]]
! [[Green roofs]]
! [[Pollution prevention]]
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Roof area || o || o || o ||o || o || ** || o || o||*||o
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Pedestrian / landscaped / common areas ||** ||** || * ||* || * ||o || o||** ||o||*
|-
|style="text-align: left;" |Parking area || ** ||* || * ||* || * ||o || o || ** ||o||**
|-
|}
Go back to [[Screening LID Options]]
Go back to [[Screening LID Options]]
[[category: Planning]]
[[category: Planning]]