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| [[File:Bioretention_Planters_1.jpeg|thumb|[[Stormwater planters]] beautify this building entrance. The entrance receives a lot of traffic during business hours, making it an ideal location for a high visibility LID practice. (Source: Aquafor Beech)]] | | [[File:Bioretention_Planters_1.jpeg|thumb|[[Stormwater planters]] beautify this building entrance. The entrance receives a lot of traffic during business hours, making it an ideal location for a high visibility LID practice. (Source: Aquafor Beech)]] |
| | | |
− | [[Permeable paving]] is also an option in large municipal parking lots. Pervious concrete, permeable interlocking concrete pavers, and porous asphalt can detain stormwater and increase infiltration. | + | [[Permeable pavements]] are also an option in large municipal parking lots. Pervious concrete, permeable interlocking concrete pavers, and porous asphalt can detain stormwater and increase infiltration. |
| | | |
| Municipal facilities provide excellent opportunities for integrating [[rainwater harvesting]] systems. Rainwater harvesting systems have two requirements: an area for catchment of relatively clean runoff and a nearby demand for water usage. Municipal facilities often have large rooftop areas producing relatively clean runoff. Installing a cistern internal to the building or buried adjacent to the building can provide a sustainable source of water for site irrigation needs for landscaped areas, recreational fields and indoor use (e.g. flushing toilets and urinals). | | Municipal facilities provide excellent opportunities for integrating [[rainwater harvesting]] systems. Rainwater harvesting systems have two requirements: an area for catchment of relatively clean runoff and a nearby demand for water usage. Municipal facilities often have large rooftop areas producing relatively clean runoff. Installing a cistern internal to the building or buried adjacent to the building can provide a sustainable source of water for site irrigation needs for landscaped areas, recreational fields and indoor use (e.g. flushing toilets and urinals). |
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| === Targeting pollution prevention opportunities === | | === Targeting pollution prevention opportunities === |
− | On some municipal sites, pollution prevention techniques and strategies outlined in Chapter 2 are the best approaches to mitigating the environmental impact of your site. Retrofits of municipal works yards require a different approach than other land uses discussed in this guide. Works yards do not offer substantial opportunities for public interaction. LID retrofits should focus primarily on reducing pollution generated on-site. Fuelling stations, waste storage areas, truck washing stations, sand and salt storage, staging areas and water conveyance features are ideal for | + | On some municipal sites, [[Pollution prevention|pollution prevention]] techniques and strategies are the best approaches to mitigating the environmental impact of your site. Retrofits of municipal works yards require a different approach than other land uses discussed in this guide. Works yards do not offer substantial opportunities for public interaction. LID retrofits should focus primarily on reducing pollution generated on-site. Fueling stations, waste storage areas, truck washing stations, sand and salt storage, staging areas and water conveyance features are ideal for pollution prevention. |
− | pollution prevention. | |
| | | |
| === Source areas === | | === Source areas === |
| The best LID option for your site will depend what source areas are present. Types of source areas include: | | The best LID option for your site will depend what source areas are present. Types of source areas include: |
| + | [[File:Figure 4.3.7 (G-to-G Public Lands).JPG|thumb|Source areas within a typical community centre.]] |
| *Active use areas | | *Active use areas |
| *Passive use areas | | *Passive use areas |
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| (** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual) | | (** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual) |
| ! Source area | | ! Source area |
− | ! [[Permeable pavement]] | + | ! [[Permeable pavements]] |
| ! [[Bioretention]] | | ! [[Bioretention]] |
| ! [[Enhanced grass swales]] / [[Bioswales|bioswales]] | | ! [[Enhanced grass swales]] / [[Bioswales|bioswales]] |
| ! [[Green roofs]] | | ! [[Green roofs]] |
− | ![[Soakaways, Infiltration Trenches and Infiltration Chambers Guide| Soakaways]] and [[Infiltration trenches|infiltration trenches]] | + | ! Soakaways and [[Infiltration chambers|infiltration chambers]] |
| ! [[Exfiltration trenches|Perforated pipe systems]] | | ! [[Exfiltration trenches|Perforated pipe systems]] |
| ! [[Rainwater harvesting]] | | ! [[Rainwater harvesting]] |
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| |style="text-align: left;" |Building || * || * || * || ** || ** || * || ** || o || o || ** | | |style="text-align: left;" |Building || * || * || * || ** || ** || * || ** || o || o || ** |
| |} | | |} |
− |
| |
− | [[File:Figure 4.3.7 (G-to-G Public Lands).JPG|thumb|Source areas within a typical park.]]
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− |
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− | ===Small-scale projects===
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− | Starting with small-scale projects is a good strategy to
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− | increase public interest in LID practices, gauge municipal
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− | support, and gain retrofit experience. Small-scale projects
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− | include retrofitting your site with landscape alternatives or rain
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− | barrels, enhancements of existing swales, or using pollution
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− | prevention strategies and practices.
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− |
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− | Small-scale projects require fewer resources and require a
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− | smaller project budget because:
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− | * They do not require integration into capital works
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− | projects
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− | * Engineering consultants are not required
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− | * Contractors may not be required
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− | * External approvals are not required
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− | * Consultation with the public is limited
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− |
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− | Due to this smaller financial commitment, it can be easier
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− | to build colleague and supervisor support for small-scale
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− | projects.
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− |
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− | [[Pollution prevention|Pollution prevention (P2)]] projects are great
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− | small-scale projects for municipal facilities
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− | like public works yards. To learn more about
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− | implementing P2 on your site, '''refer to the case studies on Armstrong Manufacturing Inc, Bernardi Building Supply Ltd. and Unifay-Fedar Investments in Appendix B.'''
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− |
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− | Many P2 techniques and strategies do not require
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− | construction, consultants or contractors. Adding signage to a
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− | site is a simple and easy to implement pollution prevention at
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− | municipal facilities.
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− |
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− | A successful small-scale LID retrofit project on your municipal
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− | site is a good indication that you are ready to take on a more
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− | intensive retrofit project. You now know the resources that are
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− | available and understand the internal municipal processes
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− | required to move a LID project from planning to finished
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− | product.
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− |
| |
− | ===Large-scale projects===
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− |
| |
− | Large-scale projects require significantly more effort, budget,
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− | and staff than small-scale projects. Large-scale LID retrofits
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− | include:
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− | * Bioretention
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− | * Enhanced grass swales
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− | * Bioswales
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− | * Perforated pipe systems
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− | * Permeable pavement
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− | * Soakaways
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− | * Infiltration chambers
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− | * Rainwater harvesting (excluding rain barrels)
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− | * Prefabricated modules
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− | * Green roofs
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− |
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− | Consider a large-scale project if your municipality or
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− | department would like to be a leader in sustainability. Large-scale
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− | projects are often highly visible and attract more public
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− | attention. Large-scale projects may also be the only solution
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− | to site-specific challenges. For example, if site infrastructure
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− | is at risk as a result of urban flooding, LID practices that detain
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− | large volumes of runoff and encourage infiltration are the
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− | most viable LID options.
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− | Before starting a large-scale retrofit project, consider the
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− | following distinctions that set these retrofits apart from small-scale
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− | projects.
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− |
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− | ===Integration with capital works programs===
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− |
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− | Most large-scale LID retrofits must function with existing
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− | site infrastructure, such as storm sewers, catch basins,
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− | and pavement systems. The construction of large-scale
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− | LID practices often requires these systems to be removed,
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− | exposed, or replaced. The best time for this type of project to
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− | occur is when an infrastructure replacement or rehabilitation
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− | project is already planned.
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− |
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− | When LID retrofits are worked into other construction
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− | projects, such as parking lot repaving, or grading or drainage
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− | improvements, there can be substantial cost savings.
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− | Whether big or small, every municipality spends relatively
| |
− | large sums of money and substantial time planning for
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− | major capital projects. This includes redevelopment of public
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− | building and spaces. Many communities who have undertaken
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− | retrofits recognize that even if a relatively small portion of the
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− | project funds goes towards LID retrofits, they can retrofit large
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− | impervious surfaces and avoid new stormwater management
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− | infrastructure projects17.
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− |
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− | Municipal facility rehabilitation is typically forecast well in
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− | advance of the project. Parking lot paving is typically worked
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− | into municipal budgets based on expected life cycle and
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− | observed wear. As such, funds may be set aside prior to
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− | the project planning phases. Long-term forecast budgets
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− | may also be available for site revitalizations or expansions.
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− | These budget forecasts provide opportunities to compare the
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− | capital and life-cycle costs and benefits of the conventional
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− | construction project and LID retrofit.
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− |
| |
− | ===Involvement of consultants and contractors===
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− | Consultants are required for large-scale retrofit projects,
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− | specifically for the final screening of options, pre-design,
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− | detailed design, tender and contract documents, construction
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− | supervision and administration, and assumption and
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− | verification.
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− |
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− | Site contractors are also required for large-scale LID retrofits.
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− | Ideally, contractors should be pre-qualified based on previous
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− | experience with similar LID projects.
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− | Remember, the contractor with the lowest bid
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− | does not necessarily deliver the best product.
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− |
| |
− | ===More intensive public consultation===
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− |
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− | Stakeholders must be closely involved in the retrofit process
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− | for large-scale LID projects. These projects have longer
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− | construction windows, may have significant impacts on long-term
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− | public use patterns of the site, and will cost significantly
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− | more taxpayer dollars.
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− |
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− | Gaining public insight in advance of LID implementation can
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− | help address public concerns and information gaps, as well as identify public supporters and champions. Public consultation
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− | can help designers tailor the project to address community
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− | concerns and values. Consultation can also help the design
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− | team integrate the LID practice into the site’s landscape.
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− |
| |
− | ===External approvals===
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− |
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− | Large-scale retrofits may require a variety of approvals at the
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− | municipal, watershed, provincial, and/or federal level.
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− | Since LID is still relatively new, you may encounter policies
| |
− | or bylaws that present barriers to LID retrofit projects.
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− | Alternatively, the municipality may have to amend or enforce
| |
− | some policies and bylaws to facilitate the implementation of
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− | LID projects on your site.
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| | | |
| [[Category:Planning]] | | [[Category:Planning]] |