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Line 98: − + − + − ==Design== − − ===Geometry and Site Layout=== − Infiltration chambers and soakaways can be designed in a variety of shapes, although facilities should have level or nearly level bottoms to spread flow evenly throughout. Typically designed with an impervious drainage area to pervious facility footprint area ratio (i.e. I:P ratio) between 5:1 on low permeability soils (HSG C & D) to 20:1 on high permeability soils (HSG A & B). Not typically deeper than 4 m. − {|class="wikitable"+ − |+ Site Layout Requirements for Infiltration Chambers, Trenches and Soakaways − |- − !style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|LID Stormwater Management Practice − !style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Depth to high water − table or bedrock (m) − !style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Typical Ratio of − Impervious Drainage Area − to Treatment Facility Area − !style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Native Soil Infiltration Rate − (mm/hr)<sup>3</sup> − !style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Head − !style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Space − !style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Slope − !style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Pollution Hotspots* − !style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Set backs** − |- − !Soakaway, − infiltration trench − or infiltration chamber+ − |1||5:1 to 20:1||Not a constraint||1 to 2||0 to 1||< 15%||No||B, U, T, W − − <small><sup>*</sup>Is the LID SWM BMP practice suitable to be located in known pollution hot spots or runoff source areas where land uses or activities have the potential to generate highly contaminated runoff? This could include fueling centers, demolition zones, outdoor storage or handling areas that house hazardous materials, etc.+ − fueling, servicing or demolition areas, outdoor storage or handling areas for hazardous materials and some heavy industry sites). − <sup>**</sup>Setback codes: B = Building foundation; U = Underground utilities; T = Trees; W = drinking water wellhead protection areas.</small>+ Line 141:
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Line 155: + − [[File:Monitoring_well.gif]]+ + − <small>Simplified cross section of a standard monitoring well.</small><ref> Hawaii State Department of Health. (n.d.). TGM for the Implementation of the Hawai'i State Contingency Plan. Subsection 6.2. MONITORING WELL INSTALLATION AND ABANDONMENT. Retrieved August 27, 2021, from http://hawaiidoh.org/tgm-content/0602a.aspx?f=T </ref> + − ===Access Structures===+ − Manholes or maintenance hatches connected to infiltration chambers, or standpipe inspection ports connected to infiltration trench or soakaway perforated pipe that provide access for inspection and maintenance. Should be installed at inlets and outlets at a minimum. Couplings used for standpipe connections should be 45° to facilitate pipe access by push camera and jet nozzle cleaning equipment. + + + + + + + Line 187:
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→Life Cycle Costs
<imagemap>
File:Infiltration chamber arrows.png |thumb|700px|Infiltration chambers with a separator row for pre-treatment of runoff on the left of the picture covered in geotextile. This separator row is designed to capture the first flush of water after a major rain event to remove sediment before continuing on to the rest of the system to be retained and later infiltrated into the ground below. For more details click here for the [https://cultec.com/Asset/CULG098-stormwater-management-systems-product-brochure.pdf CULTEC Stormwater Management Systems - Stormwater Chambers]. <span style="color:red">''A note: The following is an "image map", feel free to explore the image with your cursor and click on highlighted labels that appear to take you to corresponding pages on the Wiki.''</span>
rect 230 2167 645 1517 [[Overflow|Catch Basin]]
poly 694 1535 916 1521 1669 914 1666 825 [[Soil groups|Clean Compacted Fill]]
rect 677 1532 1119 2121 [[Infiltration chambers|Access Manhole]]
rect 2080 1656 3301 1707 [[Geotextiles|Woven Geotextile]]
rect 1237 1666 1937 1712 [[Geotextiles|Woven Geotextile]]
rect 2087 1717 2848 2228 [[Reservoir aggregate|Compacted Aggregate Base]]
rect 1123 1989 2080 2224 [[Reservoir aggregate|Compacted Aggregate Base]]
rect 1127 1828 2037 1971 [[Pipes|Conveyance Pipes]]
poly 1834 882 1373 1639 3251 1628 2605 1050 2023 1092 2001 893 1887 882 [[Infiltration chambers|Arched Infiltration Chambers (open-bottom)]]
poly 2019 875 2033 1067 2576 1039 2133 893 2083 864 [[Reservoir aggregate|Crushed Clear Stone]]
poly 2091 864 2380 853 2648 1039 2333 964 2151 903 [[Geotextiles|Non-woven Geotextile]]
poly 1119 1446 1302 1460 1376 1592 1798 914 1769 882 1719 885 [[Geotextiles|Geotextile Cover]]
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==Overview==
==Overview==
*Installing below any type of surface or landscape
*Installing below any type of surface or landscape
*Receiving and infiltrating large volumes of water}}
*Receiving and infiltrating large volumes of water}}
Take a look at the downloadable Soakaways, Infiltration Trenches & Chambers Factsheet below for a .pdf overview of this LID Best Management Practice:
{{Clickable button|[[File:Soakaways infiltration et.al.png|250 px|link=https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/b/b1/Infiltration_trenches_et_al_final.pdf]]}}
'''The fundamental components of an infiltration chamber system are:'''
'''The fundamental components of an infiltration chamber system are:'''
| Standard Strength || H-20 || H-25 || H-20 || H-20 - H-25
| Standard Strength || H-20 || H-25 || H-20 || H-20 - H-25
|}
|}
==Planning Considerations==
==Planning Considerations==
All types of modular infiltration systems require a bedding of angular clear stone to permit infiltration, and provide a foundation for the installation:
All types of modular infiltration systems require a bedding of angular clear stone to permit infiltration, and provide a foundation for the installation:
*Plastic chambers usually have a parabolic shape to support the load above. The spaces between rows of plastic pipes or chambers are filled with clear stone to support overlying structures.
*Plastic chambers usually have a parabolic shape to support the load above. The spaces between rows of plastic pipes or chambers are filled with clear stone to support overlying structures.
*Concrete vaults and plastic crates are often rectangular-shaped. Concrete vault systems can, in some circumstances, be employed without any additional cover. However, a minimum of 20 cm cover is recommended for most applications. Where this cover is planting soil this can support turf grass. Greater planting soil depths are required to support more deeply rooting plants like perennials and shrubs (45 to 60 cm) and trees (85 to 100 cm).
*Concrete vaults and plastic crates are often rectangular-shaped. Concrete vault systems can, in some circumstances, be employed without any additional cover. However, a minimum of 20 cm cover is recommended for most applications. Where this cover is planting soil this can support turf grass. Greater planting soil depths are required to support more deeply rooting plants like perennials and shrubs (45 to 60 cm) and trees (85 to 100 cm).
===Infiltration===
For information about constraints to infiltration practices, and approaches and tools for identifying and designing within them see [[Infiltration]].
===Geometry and Site Layout===
Infiltration chambers and soakaways can be designed in a variety of shapes, although facilities should have level or nearly level bottoms to spread flow evenly throughout. Typically designed with an impervious drainage area to pervious facility footprint area ratio (i.e. I:P ratio) between 5:1 on low permeability soils (HSG C & D) to 20:1 on high permeability soils (HSG A & B). Not typically deeper than 4 m.
===Native Soil===
===Native Soil===
Infiltration trenches, chambers and soakaways can be constructed over any soil type, but hydrologic soil group (HSG) A or B soils are best for achieving water balance and erosion control objectives. Facilities should be located on portions of the site with the highest infiltration rates. Native soil infiltration rate at the proposed facility location and depth should be confirmed through in-situ measurements of hydraulic conductivity under field saturated conditions.
Infiltration trenches, chambers and soakaways can be constructed over any soil type, but hydrologic soil group (HSG) A or B soils are best for achieving water balance and erosion control objectives. Facilities should be located on portions of the site with the highest infiltration rates. Native soil infiltration rate at the proposed facility location and depth should be confirmed through in-situ measurements of hydraulic conductivity under field saturated conditions. For guidance on infiltration testing and selecting a design infiltration rate see [[Design infiltration rate]].
===Wellhead Protection===
===Wellhead Protection===
===Water Table===
===Water Table===
Maintaining a separation of one (1) metre between the elevations of the base of the practice and the seasonally high water table, or top of bedrock is recommended. Lesser or greater values may be considered based on groundwater mounding analysis. See STEP LID Planning and Design Guide wiki page, [[Groundwater]] for further guidance and spreadsheet tool.
Maintaining a separation of one (1) metre between the elevations of the base of the practice and the seasonally high water table, or top of bedrock is recommended. Lesser or greater values may be considered based on groundwater mounding analysis. See [[Groundwater]] for further guidance and spreadsheet tool.
===Pollution Hot Spot Runoff===
===Pollution Hot Spot Runoff===
Designers should consult local utility design guidance for the horizontal and vertical clearances required between storm drains.
Designers should consult local utility design guidance for the horizontal and vertical clearances required between storm drains.
===Karst===
===[[Karst]]===
Infiltration trenches, chambers and soakaways are not suitable in areas of known or implied karst topography.
Infiltration trenches, chambers and soakaways are not suitable in areas of known or implied karst topography.
===Setback from Buildings===
===Setback from Buildings===
Facilities should be setback a minimum of four (4) metres from building foundations.
Facilities should be setback a minimum of four (4) metres from building foundations.
For a table summarizing information on planning considerations and site constraints see [[Site considerations]].
{{#widget:YouTube|id=T04o7UD_CQo}}
|}
See above an example of a infiltration chamber system. This is a sample vendor video – similar videos and descriptions can be found on other vendor websites – see below for list of vendors under the External links section. In our effort to make this guide as functional as possible, we have decided to include these proprietary systems and links to manufacturers websites. '''Note''' - Inclusion of such links does not constitute endorsement by the Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program.
==Design==
===Inlets===
===Inlets===
===Perforated pipes===
===Perforated pipes===
Continuously perforated, smooth interior HDPE or PVC drainage pipe, ≥200 mm interior diameter where possible to reduce risk of freezing and facilitate push camera inspection and cleaning with jet nozzle equipment. Including geotextile socks around perforated pipes is optional. May include an orifice plate or valve flow restrictor to provide erosion control and optimize infiltration.
Continuously perforated, smooth interior HDPE or PVC drainage pipe, ≥200 mm interior diameter where possible to reduce risk of freezing and facilitate push camera inspection and cleaning with jet nozzle equipment. Including geotextile socks around perforated pipes is optional. May include an orifice plate or valve flow restrictor to provide erosion control and optimize infiltration.
[[File:Monitoring well chamber.PNG|450px|thumb|Image of a monitoring well installed in a manhole with a submersible calibrated pressure transducer to provide continuous water level measurements, drainage times and infiltration rates of the associated studied infiltration chamber, located in Richmond Hill, Ontario.<ref>Young, D. Van Seters, T., Graham, C. 2013. Evaluation of Underground Stormwater Infiltration
Systems. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Toronto, Ontario.</ref>]]
===Conveyance and Overflow===
===Conveyance and Overflow===
===Monitoring Wells===
===Monitoring Wells===
*[[Wells]]
Recommended for monitoring drainage time between storms. Monitoring well should be a vertical standpipe consisting of an anchored 100 to 150 mm diameter pipe with perforations along the length within the reservoir, installed to the bottom of the facility, with a lockable cap. Flow-splitting manholes may also be used for drainage time monitoring.
Recommended for monitoring drainage time between storms. Monitoring well should be a vertical standpipe consisting of an anchored 100 to 150 mm diameter pipe with perforations along the length within the reservoir, installed to the bottom of the facility, with a lockable cap. Flow-splitting manholes may also be used for drainage time monitoring.
===Access Structures===
Manholes or maintenance hatches connected to infiltration chambers, or standpipe inspection ports connected to infiltration trench or soakaway perforated pipe that provide access for inspection and maintenance. Should be installed at inlets and outlets at a minimum. Couplings used for standpipe connections should be 45° to facilitate pipe access by push camera and jet nozzle cleaning equipment.
[[File:Infiltration Chamber Edited.jpg|900px|]]
(Philadelphia Water Department, 2020)<ref>Philadelphia Water Department. 2020. Stormwater Management Guidance Manual: Version 3.2. Accessed from: https://www.pwdplanreview.org/upload/manual_pdfs/PWD-SMGM-v3.2-20201001.pdf</ref>
The above image depicts various types of infiltration chamber systems that can be installed underneath a impermeable surface,
such as a parking lot or commercial property site (see table in Overview Section above for further details on each of the
configurations shown). Note the observation well (or monitoring well) shown which provides access for general I&M of the BMP.
===Ability to Meet Stormwater Criteria===
===Ability to Meet Stormwater Criteria===
===Erosion and Sediment Control===
===Erosion and Sediment Control===
Infiltration practice locations should not be used as sediment basins during construction. To prevent sediment from clogging, erosion and sediment controls should remain in place and runoff should be diverted from the infiltration facility until the contributing drainage area is fully stabilized and sediment removal from catch basins, pre-treatment devices and maintenance hole sumps has been completed.
Infiltration practice locations should not be used as sediment basins during construction. To prevent sediment from clogging, erosion and sediment controls should remain in place and runoff should be diverted from the infiltration facility until the contributing drainage area is fully stabilized and sediment removal from catch basins, pre-treatment devices and maintenance hole sumps has been completed.
Take a look at the [[Construction]] and [[Sub-surface components]] pages by clicking below for further details about proper construction practices:
{{Clickable button|[[File:Soakaways infiltration et.al.png|250 px|link=https://https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/wiki/Sub-surface_components]]}}
===Operation and Maintenance===
==Inspection and Maintenance==
Infiltration trenches, chambers and soakaways will continue to function during winter months if the overflow outlet is located below the local maximum frost penetration depth (i.e. frost line).
Infiltration trenches, chambers and soakaways will continue to function during winter months if the overflow outlet is located below the local maximum frost penetration depth (i.e. frost line).
Routine inspection and maintenance consists of checking and cleaning trash, debris and sediment from pre-treatment devices, inlets and outlets twice a year in the spring and/or late fall, or when pre-treatment device sump is half full. Use hydro-vac truck to remove sediment from catch basin sumps, OGS and isolated chamber row filter pre-treatment devices. To clean isolated chamber row filters use a vacuum truck equipped with rear-facing jet nozzle for cleaning large diameter pipes or culverts.
Routine inspection and maintenance consists of checking and cleaning trash, debris and sediment from pre-treatment devices, inlets and outlets twice a year in the spring and/or late fall, or when pre-treatment device sump is half full. Use hydro-vac truck to remove sediment from catch basin sumps, OGS and isolated chamber row filter pre-treatment devices. To clean isolated chamber row filters use a vacuum truck equipped with rear-facing jet nozzle for cleaning large diameter pipes or culverts.
Monitoring of storage reservoir water level during and after natural or simulated storm events using the monitoring well should be performed periodically to verify the facility drains within the required drainage time (typically 72 hours). Should be performed as part of inspections following construction or major rehabilitation prior to assumption, and every 15 years at a minimum, to track drainage performance over time and determine when replacement is needed.
Monitoring of storage reservoir water level during and after natural or simulated storm events using the monitoring well should be performed periodically to verify the facility drains within the required drainage time (typically 72 hours). Should be performed as part of inspections following construction or major rehabilitation prior to assumption, and every 15 years at a minimum, to track drainage performance over time and determine when replacement is needed. <br>
</br>
Take a look at the [[Inspection and Maintenance: Underground Infiltration Systems]] page by clicking below for further details about proper inspection and maintenance practices:
{{Clickable button|[[File:Cover page underground.PNG|150px|link=https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/wiki/Inspection_and_Maintenance:_Underground_Infiltration_System]]}}
==Life Cycle Costs==
To learn about Life Cycle Costs associated with this practice (i.e. Pre-construction, Excavation, Materials & Installation, Project Management, Overhead, Inspection and Maintenance, Rehabilitation and other associated costs), visit the [[Infiltration Chamber: Life Cycle Costs]] page to view a cost estimate for a polymeric chamber system. Alternatively you can use the [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/lid-lcct/ STEP's Low Impact Development Life Cycle Costing Tool (LID LCCT)] to generate cost estimates customized to your own LID stormwater design project specifications.
Take a look at the [[Infiltration Chamber: Life Cycle Costs]] page by clicking below for further details:
{{Clickable button|[[File:ConstructionTable InfilChamb Full Infil.PNG|150 px|link=https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/wiki/Infiltration_Chamber:_Life_Cycle_Costs]]}}
==Gallery==
==Gallery==
===Plastic chambers===
===Plastic chambers===
*[http://stormtechcalc.azurewebsites.net/index.html ADS chambers design tool]
*[http://stormtechcalc.azurewebsites.net/index.html ADS chambers design tool]
*[http://www.armtec.com/products/product_detail/cutlec-contactor-and-recharger-chambers/161/339/l:eng Armtec]
*[https://armtec.com/stormwater-management/cultec-stormwater-chambers/ Armtec]
*[http://echelonenvironmental.ca/stormwater/stormwater-storage/ Echelon]
*[http://echelonenvironmental.ca/stormwater/stormwater-storage/ Echelon]
*[http://cultec.com/products/contactor-recharger-stormwater-chambers/ Cultec]
*[http://cultec.com/products/contactor-recharger-stormwater-chambers/ Cultec]
*[http://nilex.com/products/stormwater-chambers Nilex]
*[http://nilex.com/products/stormwater-chambers Nilex]
*[http://www.tritonsws.com/ Triton]
*[http://www.tritonsws.com/ Triton]
*[https://www.makeway.ca/ Make-Way Environmental Technologies Inc.]
*[https://www.prinsco.com/prinsco-markets/products/hydrostor-chamber/ Prinsco]
*[http://stormchambers.com/ NDS Stormchambers]
===Concrete chambers===
===Concrete chambers===
*[http://stormtrap.com/products/singletrap/ Stormtrap]
*[http://stormtrap.com/products/singletrap/ Stormtrap]
==References==
[[Category:Infiltration]]
[[Category: Green infrastructure]]