Infiltration: Sizing and modeling

From LID SWM Planning and Design Guide
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The sizing calculations require that most of the following parameters be known or estimated. The exceptions are the depth (d) and Permeable area (P), as only one of these is required to find the other. Note that some of these parameters are limited:

  1. The maximum total depth will be limited by construction practices i.e. not usually > 2 m.
  2. The maximum total depth may be limited by the conditions underground e.g. the groundwater or underlying geology/infrastructure.
  3. The minimum total depth may be limited by the need to support vegetation i.e. not < 0.6 m.
  4. Green roofs, absorbent landscapes and permeable paving often receive very little flow from other surfaces, so that the I/P ratio is close to 1.
  5. Infiltration trenches, chambers and bioretention cells have a maximum recommended I/P ratio of 20.
Inputs
Symbol Units Parameter
D hrs Duration of design storm (for MOECC volume based caclulations set to 1)
i mm/hr Intensity of design storm (for MOECC volume based calculations use whole storm depth (link to map))
q mm/hr Infiltration coefficient, calculated from measured infiltration rate and applied safety factor
n - Porosity, as measured (or default to 0.35 for all aggregates).
*Note: For systems that have significant storage in clear open chambers, an effective porosity value (n') may be estimated for the whole installation and used in the calculations below. Effective porosity will vary according to the geometry of the storage chambers, so advice should be sought from product manufacturers. Permit applications should include the basis for n' estimates.
I m2 Impermeable area i.e. catchment
d m depth of infiltration facility or BMP
P m2 Permeable area i.e. footprint area of the facility or BMP

This spreadsheet tool has been set up to perform all of the calculations shown below
{{:Clickable buttonDownload .xlsx calculation tool}}

One dimensional infiltration[edit]

The following equations assume that infiltration occurs primarily through the base of the facility. They may be easily applied for any shape and size of infiltration facility, in which the reservoir storage is mostly in an aggregate.

To calculate the required depth, where the area of the facility is constrained:

To calculate the require facility area or footprint where the depth is constrained:

Drawdown time

The design of infiltration facilities should be checked for drawdown time. Target drawdown time is between 48-72 hours.
To calculate the time (t) to fully drain the facility:

Three dimensional infiltration[edit]

Three footprint areas of 9 m2.
From left to right x = 12 m, x = 14 m, and x = 16 m

For some geometries (e.g. particularly deep facilities or linear facilities), it may be preferred to also account for lateral infiltration. The 3 dimensional equations make use of the hydraulic radius (P/x), where x is the perimeter (m) of the facility.
Maximizing the perimeter of the facility directs designers towards longer, linear shapes such as infiltration trenches and bioswales.

To calculate the required depth:

Where and

The rearrangement to calculate the required footprint area of the facility for a given depth is not available at this time. Elegant submissions are invited.

Drawdown time

The design of infiltration facilities should be checked for drawdown time. Target drawdown time is between 48-72 hours.
To calculate the time (t) to fully drain the facility: