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==Expressing slope==
{{float right|[[File:Theta.jpg|border|500 px]]}}
===Slope gradient===
Slope gradients are are common form of expression for steeply sloped areas like the sides of [[swales]]. Expressed as Y:X where Y is a single unit of rise and X is the corresponding run. It can be calculated by dividing the rise by the run:
e.g.:<math>\frac{rise}{run}=\frac{4\ m}{12\ m}=\frac{1}{3};we\ say\ the\ slope\ =1:3\ or\ 1\ in\ 3</math>
===Slope percentage===
Slope percentage is calculated similarly by dividing rise by run, but then multiplying by 100 to get a percentage:
e.g.:<math>slope=\left (\frac{rise}{run}\right )\times 100=\left(\frac{4\ m}{12\ m}\right)\times 100= 33\%</math>
'''But''' for many calculations the ''rise/run'' isn't multiplied by 100, and instead is left as a decimal. e.g. 0.33 in the example above.
===Slope in degrees===
Expressing a slope in degrees requires using the ''tangent'' trigonometric function.
e.g.:<math>\tan \theta =\left ( \frac{4\ m}{12\ m} \right ); \theta =\tan^{-1}\left ( 0.33 \right )=18.3^{\circ}</math>
'''[[Slope_table| Quick reference table]]'''
==Normal range of slopes==
The Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act<ref>Ontario. O. Reg. 191/11: INTEGRATED ACCESSIBILITY STANDARDS, 2011. https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/r11191.</ref> provides a bare minimum to which public spaces must be designed. e.g. cross slope not to exceed 2 %.
Consider designing landscapes to universal design principals instead<ref>Universal Design.com. 2018. “The Leading Source for News and Information on Universal Design - The Leading Source for News and Information on Universal Design.” 2018. http://www.universaldesign.com/.</ref><ref>Institute for Human Centered Design. 2018. “Principles.” 2018. https://www.humancentereddesign.org/inclusive-design/principles.</ref>.
{|class= "wikitable" "style=text-align: center;"
{|class= "wikitable" "style=text-align: center;"
|+ Grading Standards
|+ Grading Standards and Critical Gradients<ref>Strom, S., Nathan, K., Woland, J. Site Engineering for Landscape Architects (6th Ed.) 2013, Wiley and Sons</ref>
|-
|-
!Use
!Use
!Extreme range (%)
!Extreme range (%)
!Desirable range (%)
!Desirable range (%)
|-
|-
|Public Streets||0.5 - 10||1 - 8
|Public Streets||0.5 - 10||1 - 8
|Planted banks||up to 100||up to 50
|Planted banks||up to 100||up to 50
|}
|}
==Freeboard==
{{:Freeboard}}
==Additional Resources==
*[https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/3/39/Huang_2012.pdf|Site Planning and Design (Huang, 2012)]<ref>Huang, J. C. 2012. PDH online Course C115 (5 PDH) - Site Planning and Design. UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)
SITE PLANNING AND DESIGN. U.S department of Defense. https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/3/39/Huang_2012.pdf</ref>
*[https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/d/d7/Matusik_2004.pdf Grading and Earthwork (Matusik and Deibel, 2004)]<ref>Matusik, J., and Deibel, D. 2004. Land Development Handbook - CHAPTER 24: Grading and Earthwork. Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com). https://wikidev.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/d/d7/Matusik_2004.pdf</ref>
*[https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/a/a5/Tiner_2014.pdf Fundamentals of Site Grading Design (Tiner, 2014)]<ref>Tiner, J. A. 2014. Fundamentals of Site Grading Design. A SunCam online continuing education course. https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/a/a5/Tiner_2014.pdf</ref>
*[http://www.slopemeter.com/images/Slope_Conversion_Tables.xls Slope-Meter, Inc.] - external resource, Slope Conversion Table (Slope-Meter Inc. 2009)<ref>Slope-Meter Inc. 2009. Download Slope Conversion Tables. Copyright 2009 - Slope-Meter Inc. - All Rights Reserved. http://slopemeter.com/images/Slope_Conversion_Tables.xls</ref>
==References==
[[Category: Calculations]]