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− | Grading
| + | {{TOClimit|2}} |
| + | ==Expressing slope== |
| + | {{float right|[[File:Theta.jpg|border|500 px]]}} |
| + | ===Slope gradient=== |
| + | Slope gradients are are common form of expression for steeply sloped areas like the sides of [[swales]]. Expressed as Y:X where Y is a single unit of rise and X is the corresponding run. It can be calculated by dividing the rise by the run: |
| + | e.g.:<math>\frac{rise}{run}=\frac{4\ m}{12\ m}=\frac{1}{3};we\ say\ the\ slope\ =1:3\ or\ 1\ in\ 3</math> |
| | | |
| + | ===Slope percentage=== |
| + | Slope percentage is calculated similarly by dividing rise by run, but then multiplying by 100 to get a percentage: |
| + | e.g.:<math>slope=\left (\frac{rise}{run}\right )\times 100=\left(\frac{4\ m}{12\ m}\right)\times 100= 33\%</math> |
| + | '''But''' for many calculations the ''rise/run'' isn't multiplied by 100, and instead is left as a decimal. e.g. 0.33 in the example above. |
| + | |
| + | ===Slope in degrees=== |
| + | Expressing a slope in degrees requires using the ''tangent'' trigonometric function. |
| + | e.g.:<math>\tan \theta =\left ( \frac{4\ m}{12\ m} \right ); \theta =\tan^{-1}\left ( 0.33 \right )=18.3^{\circ}</math> |
| + | |
| + | '''[[Slope_table| Quick reference table]]''' |
| + | |
| + | ==Normal range of slopes== |
| + | The Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act<ref>Ontario. O. Reg. 191/11: INTEGRATED ACCESSIBILITY STANDARDS, 2011. https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/r11191.</ref> provides a bare minimum to which public spaces must be designed. e.g. cross slope not to exceed 2 %. |
| + | |
| + | Consider designing landscapes to universal design principals instead<ref>Universal Design.com. 2018. “The Leading Source for News and Information on Universal Design - The Leading Source for News and Information on Universal Design.” 2018. http://www.universaldesign.com/.</ref><ref>Institute for Human Centered Design. 2018. “Principles.” 2018. https://www.humancentereddesign.org/inclusive-design/principles.</ref>. |
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| {|class= "wikitable" "style=text-align: center;" | | {|class= "wikitable" "style=text-align: center;" |
− | |+ Grading Standards | + | |+ Grading Standards and Critical Gradients<ref>Strom, S., Nathan, K., Woland, J. Site Engineering for Landscape Architects (6th Ed.) 2013, Wiley and Sons</ref> |
| |- | | |- |
| !Use | | !Use |
| !Extreme range (%) | | !Extreme range (%) |
| !Desirable range (%) | | !Desirable range (%) |
− | ![https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/r11191 AODA]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |Public Streets||0.5 - 10||1 - 8 | | |Public Streets||0.5 - 10||1 - 8 |
| + | |- |
| |Private streets||0.5 - 20||1 - 12 | | |Private streets||0.5 - 20||1 - 12 |
| + | |- |
| |Service lanes||0.5 - 15||1 - 10 | | |Service lanes||0.5 - 15||1 - 10 |
| + | |- |
| |Parking areas||0.5 - 8||1 - 5 | | |Parking areas||0.5 - 8||1 - 5 |
| + | |- |
| |Parking ramps||up to 20||up to 15 | | |Parking ramps||up to 20||up to 15 |
| + | |- |
| |Collector walks||0.5 - 12||1 - 8 | | |Collector walks||0.5 - 12||1 - 8 |
| + | |- |
| |Entrance walks||0.5 - 8||1 - 4 | | |Entrance walks||0.5 - 8||1 - 4 |
| + | |- |
| |Pedestrian ramps||up to 12||up to 8 | | |Pedestrian ramps||up to 12||up to 8 |
| + | |- |
| |Stairs||25 - 50||33 - 50 | | |Stairs||25 - 50||33 - 50 |
| + | |- |
| |Game courts||0.5 - 2||0.5 - 1.5 | | |Game courts||0.5 - 2||0.5 - 1.5 |
| + | |- |
| |Paved gutters||0.25 - 100||1 - 50 | | |Paved gutters||0.25 - 100||1 - 50 |
− | |[[Grassed swales]]||0.5 - 15||2 - 10 | + | |- |
| + | |Grassed [[swales]]||0.5 - 15||2 - 10 |
| + | |- |
| |Terraces and sitting areas||0.5 - 3||1 - 2 | | |Terraces and sitting areas||0.5 - 3||1 - 2 |
| + | |- |
| |Grassed banks||up to 50||up to 33 | | |Grassed banks||up to 50||up to 33 |
| + | |- |
| |Planted banks||up to 100||up to 50 | | |Planted banks||up to 100||up to 50 |
| |} | | |} |
| + | |
| + | ==Freeboard== |
| + | {{:Freeboard}} |
| + | |
| + | ==Additional Resources== |
| + | *[https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/3/39/Huang_2012.pdf|Site Planning and Design (Huang, 2012)]<ref>Huang, J. C. 2012. PDH online Course C115 (5 PDH) - Site Planning and Design. UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC) |
| + | SITE PLANNING AND DESIGN. U.S department of Defense. https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/3/39/Huang_2012.pdf</ref> |
| + | *[https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/d/d7/Matusik_2004.pdf Grading and Earthwork (Matusik and Deibel, 2004)]<ref>Matusik, J., and Deibel, D. 2004. Land Development Handbook - CHAPTER 24: Grading and Earthwork. Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com). https://wikidev.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/d/d7/Matusik_2004.pdf</ref> |
| + | *[https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/a/a5/Tiner_2014.pdf Fundamentals of Site Grading Design (Tiner, 2014)]<ref>Tiner, J. A. 2014. Fundamentals of Site Grading Design. A SunCam online continuing education course. https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/a/a5/Tiner_2014.pdf</ref> |
| + | *[http://www.slopemeter.com/images/Slope_Conversion_Tables.xls Slope-Meter, Inc.] - external resource, Slope Conversion Table (Slope-Meter Inc. 2009)<ref>Slope-Meter Inc. 2009. Download Slope Conversion Tables. Copyright 2009 - Slope-Meter Inc. - All Rights Reserved. http://slopemeter.com/images/Slope_Conversion_Tables.xls</ref> |
| + | |
| + | ==References== |
| + | |
| + | [[Category: Calculations]] |