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− | __NOTOC__
| + | #REDIRECT[[Terminology]] |
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− | {{TextBox
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− | |text=<span style="font-size:12%; line-height: 2.1em;">|1=<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">[[#A|A]], [[#B|B]], [[#C|C]], [[#D|D]], [[#E|E]], [[#F|F]], [[#G|G]], [[#H|H]], [[#I|I]], [[#J|J]], [[#K|K]], [[#L|L]], [[#M|M]], [[#N|N]], [[#O|O]], [[#P|P]], [[#Q|Q]], [[#R|R]], [[#S|S]], [[#T|T]], [[#U|U]], [[#V|V]], [[#W|W]], [[#X|X]], [[#Y|Y]], [[#Z|Z]]</div>}}
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− | = A =
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− | === Aggregate ===
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− | A broad category of particulate material used in construction, including sand,
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− | gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates, and available in
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− | various particulate size gradations.
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− | | |
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− | = B =
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− | === Berm ===
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− | A compacted earthen wall that diverts runoff or creates shallow ponding of runoff. In
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− | some cases, runoff ponds behind the berm and gradually flows through it or is infiltrated.
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− | | |
− | === Biofilter ===
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− | A bioretention stormwater best management practice featuring an impermeable liner
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− | and underdrain that prevents infiltration of runoff into the underlying native soil; provides
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− | sedimentation and filtration of urban runoff as it passes through the mulch layer, engineered
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− | filter media and vegetation root zone.
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− | | |
− | === Bioretention ===
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− | A stormwater filtration and infiltration practice. The practice is a shallow
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− | excavated surface depression containing a prepared soil mix, mulch, and planted with specially
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− | selected vegetation. The system is engineered to temporarily store runoff in the depression and
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− | gradually filters it through the mulch, engineered soil mix, and root zone. They remove
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− | pollutants from runoff through filtration in the soil and uptake by plant roots and can help to
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− | reduce runoff volume through evapotranspiration and infiltration.
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− | = C =
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− | === Check Dam ===
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− | Structures constructed of a non-erosive material, such as suitably sized
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− | aggregate, wood, gabions, riprap, or concrete, used to slow runoff water to allow sedimentation,
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− | filtration, evapotranspiration, and infiltration into the underlying native soil. Can be employed in
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− | practices such as dry and enhanced grass swales.
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− | | |
− | === Cistern ===
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− | Tank used to store rainwater (typically roof runoff) for later use.
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− | = D =
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− | === Depression Storage ===
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− | A technique for incorporating shallow depressed areas into urban
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− | landscaped areas for storing and infiltrating runoff. Typically, depression storage areas are
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− | small and have limited capacity and limited duration of retention in order to address property
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− | owner concerns relating to insects, damage to structures and inconvenience of ponded water on
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− | their property.
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− | | |
− | === Detention ===
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− | The temporary storage of stormwater to control discharge rates, and allow for
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− | sedimentation.
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− | | |
− | === Drawdown Time ===
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− | The period between the maximum water level and the minimum level (dryweather
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− | or antecedent level).
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− | | |
− | === Dry Swale ===
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− | Linear bioretention cells designed to convey, treat and attenuate stormwater runoff;
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− | The engineered filter media soil mixture and vegetation slows the runoff water to allow
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− | sedimentation, filtration through the root zone, evapotranspiration, and infiltration into the
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− | underlying native soil.
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− | | |
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− | = E=
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− | === Evapotranspiration ===
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− | The combined loss of water to the atmosphere from land and water
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− | surfaces by evaporation and from plants by transpiration.
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− | | |
− | === Enhanced Grass Swale ===
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− | Vegetated open channels designed to convey, treat and attenuate
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− | stormwater runoff, also referred to as enhanced vegetated swales. Enhanced grass swales are
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− | not capable of providing the same water balance and water quality benefits as dry swales, as
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− | they lack the engineered soil media and storage capacity.
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− | | |
− | === Environmental Impact Report (EIR) ===
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− | The evaluation of the possible effects that may arise from a
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− | proposed project on the environment, together consisting of the natural, social and economic
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− | aspects.
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− | | |
− | === Exfiltration ===
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− | Loss of water from a drainage system as a result of percolation or absorption into
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− | the surrounding medium (e.g., the infiltration of water into the native soil through a perforated
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− | pipe wall as it is conveyed).
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− | | |
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− | = F =
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− | === Filter Media ===
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− | The engineered soil bed component of bioretention cell or dry swale designs,
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− | typically composed of a sandy soil mixture containing a limited proportion of fine textured
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− | material, which provides a growing medium for vegetation, maintains a high rate of infiltration
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− | over the lifespan of the practice, and retains contaminants through filtration and adsorption to
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− | soil particles.
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− | | |
− | === Filtration ===
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− | The technique of removing pollutants from runoff as it infiltrates through the soil.
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− | | |
− | === Fines ===
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− | Soil materials with less than a 0.050 mm diameter particle size.
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− | | |
− | === First Flush ===
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− | Initial pulse of stormwater runoff which picks up the pollutants that have settled on
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− | surfaces during the dry period. The first flush contains the highest pollutant concentrations.
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− | | |
− | === Forebay ===
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− | A pretreatment basin at the inlet of a practice that allow settling out of sediment and
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− | associated contaminants suspended in urban runoff.
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− | | |
− | === Flow Path Length ===
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− | The minimum linear distance of water flow across a surface.
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− | | |
− | === Fluvial Geomorphology ===
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− | The study of the processes responsible for the shape and form, or
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− | morphology, of watercourses; describes the processes whereby sediment (e.g., silt, sand,
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− | gravel) and water are transported from the headwaters of a watershed to its mouth.
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− | | |
− | === Fused Grid ===
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− | A hybrid neighbourhood and district layout model that combines the geometries of
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− | inner city grid road patterns with the loop and cul-de-sac road patterns of conventional suburbs.
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− | = G =
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− | === Grass Swales ===
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− | Vegetated, open channels designed to convey, treat and attenuate runoff.
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− | Design variations range from simple grass channels, which are designed primarily for
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− | conveyance to more complex treatment and volume reduction designs like enhanced grass
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− | swales, and dry swales or bioswales.
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− | | |
− | === Geotextile ===
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− | A filter fabric that is installed to separate dissimilar soils and provide runoff filtration
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− | and contaminant removal benefits while maintaining a suitable rate of flow; may be used to
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− | prevent fine-textured soil from entering a coarse granular bed, or to prevent coarse granular
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− | from being compressed into underlying finer-textured soils.
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− | | |
− | === Granular ===
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− | Gravel, or crushed stone of various size gradations (i.e., diameter), used in
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− | construction; void forming material used as bedding and runoff storage reservoirs and
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− | underdrains in stormwater infiltration practices.
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− | | |
− | === Gravel Diaphragm ===
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− | Is a level spreading device placed at a runoff discharge location,
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− | perpendicular to flow, to maintain sheet flow and distribute runoff as evenly as possible across a
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− | pervious area or stormwater infiltration practice. A gravel diaphragm acts as a pretreatment
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− | device, settling out suspended sediments before they reach the practice.
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− | | |
− | === Green Roof ===
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− | A thin layer of vegetation and growing medium installed on top of a conventional
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− | flat or sloped roof, also referred to as living roofs or rooftop gardens.
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− | | |
− | === Green Infrastructure ===
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− | Natural vegetation and vegetative technologies in urban settings such as:
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− | urban forests; green roofs; green walls; green spaces; rain gardens; bioswales; community
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− | gardens; natural and engineered wetlands and stormwater management ponds; and porous
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− | pavement systems. These systems are designed to provide multiple benefits, such as moderate
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− | temperatures, clean air and water, and improve aesthetics.
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− | | |
− | === Groundwater Discharge ===
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− | The outflow of groundwater to a well, spring, wetland or watercourse.
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− | | |
− | === Groundwater Recharge ===
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− | The inflow of surface water to a groundwater reservoir or aquifer.
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− | = H =
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− | === Hydraulic Conductivity ===
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− | A parameter that describes the capability of a medium to transmit water.
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− | | |
− | === Hydrologic Cycle ===
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− | The circulation of water from the atmosphere to the earth and back, through
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− | precipitation, runoff, infiltration, groundwater flow and evapotranspiration.
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− | | |
− | === Hydrologic Regime ===
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− | The characteristic pattern of precipitation, runoff, infiltration and evaporation
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− | affecting the hydrology of a system.
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− | | |
− | === Hydrologic Soil Groups ===
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− | A soil classification system based on the ability to convey and store
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− | water; divided into four groups:
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− | A – well drained sands and gravel, high infiltration capacity, high leaching potential and low
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− | runoff potential;
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− | B – Moderately drained fine to coarse grained soils, moderate infiltration capacity, moderate
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− | leaching potential and moderate runoff potential;
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− | C – Fine grained, low infiltration capacity, low leaching potential and high runoff potential;
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− | D – Clay soils, very low infiltration capacity, very low leaching potential and very high runoff
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− | potential.
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− | = I =
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− | === Impervious ===
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− | A hard surface area (e.g., road, parking area or rooftop) that prevents or retards
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− | the infiltration of water into the soil.
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− | === Infiltration ===
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− | Penetration of water through the ground surface.
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− | | |
− | === Inline ===
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− | Refers to a system that accepts all of the flow from a drainage area and conveys larger
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− | event flows through an overflow outlet.
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− | = J =
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− | | |
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− | = K =
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− | = L =
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− | === Landform ===
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− | The natural features of the landscape, dictates flow patterns, runoff velocities and
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− | discharge rates.
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− | === Landscape-based Approach ===
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− | The principle that development form, servicing and stormwater
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− | management strategies should be defined by the biophysical, hydrological and ecological
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− | attributes of the landscape.
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− | === Lot Level ===
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− | The treatment of urban runoff as close to the source area as possible through
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− | application of small scale stormwater management practices on individual properties that are
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− | linked to downstream conveyance and end-of-pipe practices.
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− | | |
− | === Low Impact Development ===
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− | A stormwater management strategy that seeks to mitigate the
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− | impacts of increased urban runoff and stormwater pollution by managing it as close to its source
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− | as possible. It comprises a set of site design approaches and small scale stormwater
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− | management practices that promote the use of natural systems for infiltration and
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− | evapotranspiration, and rainwater harvesting.
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− | = M =
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− | === Master Environmental Servicing Plan (MESP) ===
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− | Is a community-scale planning assessment of
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− | servicing and environmental considerations for a development project.
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− | === Mulch ===
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− | Shredded woody material or leaf compost used as a top dressing over vegetation beds
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− | that provides a source of soil nutrients and helps retain soil moisture; in bioretention cells and
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− | dry swales the surface mulch layer provides pollutant removal and improves growing conditions
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− | for the selected plants; shredded hardwood bark has been found to work best as it is less likely
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− | to float.
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− | = N =
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− | === Native Soil ===
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− | The natural ground material characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic
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− | origin.
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− | = O =
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− | === Offline ===
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− | Refers to a system that when full, stormwater will bypass the practice. Offline systems
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− | use flow splitters or bypass channels that only allow the water quality volume to enter the
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− | facility. This may be achieved with a pipe, weir, or curb opening sized for the target flow, but in
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− | conjunction, create a bypass channel so that higher flows do not pass over the surface of the
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− | filter bed.
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− | = P =
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− | === Permeable Pavement ===
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− | Is an alternative practice to traditional impervious pavement, prevents
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− | the generation of runoff by allowing precipitation falling on the surface to infiltrate through the
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− | surface course into an underlying stone reservoir and, where suitable conditions exist, into the
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− | native soil.
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− | | |
− | === Physiography ===
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− | The physical features of the land, including topography, morphology and
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− | geologic origin. The physical feature of the land has an influence on the surface water
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− | movement and the interactions between surface water and groundwater.
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− | === Pollution Hot Spot ===
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− | areas where certain land uses or activities have the potential to generate
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− | highly contaminated runoff (e.g., vehicle fuelling, service or demolition areas, outdoor storage
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− | and handling areas for hazardous materials and some heavy industry sites).
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− | === Pollutant Load ===
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− | The total mass of a pollutant entering a waterbody over a defined time period.
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− | === Predevelopment ===
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− | refers to the characteristics and functions of a system prior to urban
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− | development.
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− | === Pretreatment ===
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− | Initial capturing and removal of unwanted contaminants, such as debris,
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− | sediment, leaves and pollutants, from stormwater before reaching a best management practice;
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− | Examples include, settling forebays, vegetated filter strips and gravel diaphragms.
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− | = Q =
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− | | |
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− | = R =
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− | === Rain garden ===
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− | A lot level bioretention cell designed to receive and detain, infiltrate and filter runoff, typically used for discharge from downspouts.
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− | ===Rainwater harvesting===
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− | Is the practice of intercepting, conveying and storing rainwater for future use. The captured rainwater is typically used for outdoor non-potable water uses such as irrigation and pressure washing, or in the building to flush toilets or urinals or other uses that do not require potable water.
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− | === Recharge ===
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− | The infiltration and movement of surface water into the soil, past the vegetation root
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− | zone, to the zone of saturation or water table.
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− | === Riparian ===
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− | A vegetated ecosystem alongside a waterbody, characteristically have a high water
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− | table and are subject to periodic flooding.
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− | === Runoff ===
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− | Water from rain, snow melt, or irrigation that flows over the land surface.
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− | = S =
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− | === Sedimentation ===
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− | Settling-out or deposition of particulate matter suspended in runoff.
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− | === Soakaway ===
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− | An excavated area lined with geotextile filter cloth and filled with clean granular
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− | stone or other void forming material, that receives runoff and allow it to infiltrate into the native
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− | soil; can also be referred to as infiltration galleries, French drains, dry wells or soakaway pits.
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− | === Soil Amendment ===
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− | The practice of adding organic material, such as mulch or compost to topsoil
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− | to improve fertility, and tilling of the native soils to reverse compaction and restore its water
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− | retaining capacity.
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− | === Standing Water ===
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− | Water ponded on the ground surface.
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− | === Stone Reservoir ===
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− | An underlying aggregate material bed that temporarily stores stormwater
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− | before infiltrating into the native soil or being conveyed by an underdrain pipe.
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− | === Stormwater Planer ===
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− | A bioretention cell that features an imperveable liner that collects and
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− | treats stormwater through sedimentation and filtration only (i.e., no infiltration).
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− | === Stream Channel ===
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− | A natural waterway, formed by fluvial processes, that conveys running water.
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− | = T =
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− | === Treatment Train Approach ===
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− | A combination of lot level, conveyance, and end-of-pipe stormwater
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− | management practices.
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− | = U =
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− | === Underdrain ===
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− | A perforated pipe used to assist the draining of soils.
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− | === Urbanization ===
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− | The changing of land cover and land uses from rural to urban; the growth of
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− | urban settlements.
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− | | |
− | = V =
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− | === Vegetated Filter Strip ===
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− | Are gently sloping, densely vegetated areas that treat runoff as sheet flow
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− | from adjacent impervious areas. They function by slowing runoff velocity and filtering out
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− | suspended sediment and associated pollutants, and by providing some infiltration into
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− | underlying soils. Also known as buffer strips and grassed filter strips.
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− | | |
− | | |
− | = W =
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− | === Water Balance ===
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− | The accounting of inflow and outflow of water in a system according to the
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− | components of the hydrologic cycle.
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− | === Water Cycle ===
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− | The continuous movement of water from the oceans to the atmosphere (by
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− | evaporation), from the atmosphere to the land by condensation and precipitation, and from the land
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− | back to the sea (via groundwater and stream flow); also referred to as hydrologic cycle.
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− | | |
− | === Water Budget ===
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− | The mathematical expression of the water balance.
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− | === Water Quality Volume ===
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− | The amount of stormwater runoff from a given area required to be
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− | retained by stormwater management practices to reduce pollutant load to an acceptable level.
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− | | |
− | === Water Table ===
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− | Subsurface water level which is defined by the level below which all the spaces in
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− | the soil are filled with water; The entire region below the water table is called the saturated
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− | zone.
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− | | |
− | === Watershed ===
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− | An area of land that drains into a river or a lake. The boundary of a watershed is
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− | based on the elevation (natural contours) of a landscape.
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− | = X =
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− | | |
− | | |
− | = Y =
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− | | |
− | | |
− | = Z =
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