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Finishing grades and surface layer installation: permeable pavements (view source)
Revision as of 20:47, 4 December 2023
, 5 months ago→Tamping
==Bedding layer==
==Bedding layer==
[[File:Bedding-raking.jpg|450px|thumb|right|Bedding course being spread across the infiltration area. (Photo Source: CVC, 2012)]]
The bedding layer consists of a coarse stone and provides a level medium onto which paved surfaces are installed. Note that bedding layers are required for permeable pavers but not porous concrete. Additionally, the bedding layer can function as the [[choker layer]], depending on the design.
'''Construction Steps:'''
#Place stone bedding material on top of compacted reservoir course.
#Level aggregate to the appropriate depth, as per the design. A vibratory screed can be used to level the bedding material.
'''Key Inspection Points:'''
*Granular bedding material is correct size and material (e.g. 5 mm stone) upon arrival to site. For an example of a municipal standard for gradation and material size, refer to ([https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/952c-ecs-specs-gi-specs-TS861Sep2021.pdf City of Toronto, 2021])<ref>City of Toronto. 2021. TS 861 Construction Specifications for Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavers. https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/952c-ecs-specs-gi-specs-TS861Sep2021.pdf</ref>.
*Bedding depth conforms to design and is uniform across the LID feature.
*When a 3-metre straightedge is placed on the surface of the bedding material, gaps between the straightedge and bedding surface are not greater than 10 mm at any point.
'''Mistakes to Avoid:'''
*Fines in the aggregate – ensure that the correct stone gradation is provided and the medium is free of fines and crushed stone. See [[Jar test]] to ensure there are no fines in the crushed stone aggregate.
*Compaction – the bedding layer cannot be compacted
*Use of plate vibrators – do not use plate vibrators for levelling, as they can crush the bedding material. Tamping should be performed after the installation of the pavers.
For more guidance on materials specifications, refer to [[Aggregates]], [[OPSS aggregates]] and ([https://www.roadauthority.com/Standards/?id=a28fdfaf-3bf8-4679-81ca-4e44b2263cf8 Ontario Provincial Standards, 2013]) <ref>Ontario Provincial Standards. 2013. OPSS.PROV.10101 Aggregates - Base, Subbase Select Subgrade, and Backfill Material. https://www.roadauthority.com/Standards/?id=a28fdfaf-3bf8-4679-81ca-4e44b2263cf8</ref>
==Placement and finishing==
==Placement and finishing==
[[File:Vibratory-screed.png|375px|thumb|right|Vibratory screed flattening porous concrete. ([https://cvc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/CVC-LID-Construction-Guide-Book.pdf CVC, 2012])<ref>CVC. 2012. Low Impact Development Construction Guide. Version 1.0. https://cvc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/CVC-LID-Construction-Guide-Book.pdf</ref>]]
[[File:Vibratory-screed.png|375px|thumb|right|Vibratory screed flattening porous concrete. ([https://cvc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/CVC-LID-Construction-Guide-Book.pdf CVC, 2012])<ref>CVC. 2012. Low Impact Development Construction Guide. Version 1.0. https://cvc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/CVC-LID-Construction-Guide-Book.pdf</ref>]]
[[File:Vibratory-screed-2.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Porous concrete being pre-leveled prior to initial consolidation with a vibratory screed. (Photo Source: Washington State Dept of Transportation on Flickr<ref>CVC. 2012. Low Impact Development Construction Guide. Version 1.0. https://cvc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/CVC-LID-Construction-Guide-Book.pdf</ref>]])]]
[[File:Vibratory-screed-2.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Porous concrete being pre-leveled prior to initial consolidation with a vibratory screed. (Photo Source: Washington State Department of Transportation on Flickr<ref>Washington State Department of Transportation on Flickr. 2011. Summer construction on the Salmon Creek Interchange Project. https://www.flickr.com/photos/wsdot/6170651056</ref>)]]
[[File:Concrete-roller.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Partial covering with plastic and final consolidation with a hand-roller.(Photo Source: CVC, n.d.)]]
[[File:Concrete-roller.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Partial covering with plastic and final consolidation with a hand-roller.(Photo Source: CVC, n.d.)]]
The installation of pervious concrete requires the placement of ready-mix into forms. Unlike permeable pavers, pervious concrete also requires extensive curing time. Pervious concrete has the most particular installation requirements of the various permeable pavement types. It is recommended that contractors with certifications for the installation of pervious concrete, such as National Ready Mix Concrete Association certifications ([https://www.nrmca.org/certifications/ NRMCA, 2022])<ref> National Ready Mix Concrete Association. 2022. Certifications https://www.nrmca.org/certifications/</ref> are tasked with its installation. See [[Permeable pavements: Specifications]] for more information.
The installation of pervious concrete requires the placement of ready-mix into forms. Unlike permeable pavers, pervious concrete also requires extensive curing time. Pervious concrete has the most particular installation requirements of the various permeable pavement types. It is recommended that contractors with certifications for the installation of pervious concrete, such as National Ready Mix Concrete Association certifications ([https://www.nrmca.org/certifications/ NRMCA, 2022])<ref> National Ready Mix Concrete Association. 2022. Certifications https://www.nrmca.org/certifications/</ref> are tasked with its installation. See [[Permeable pavements: Specifications]] for more information.
==Paver installation==
==Paver installation==
Permeable pavers have the highest load tolerance of the permeable pavement variations. It is especially important that the permeable pavers be installed correctly on the bedding material. See [[Permeable pavements: Specifications]] for more information.
'''Construction Steps:'''
#Lay permeable pavers by hand or install whole pallets of pavers at a time with specialized equipment.
#Cut pavers to fit into the edges of the infiltration area.
#Fill voids between pavers with joint aggregate.
#Sweep excess joint aggregate from pavement surface.
#Compact completed surfaces with a plate vibrator at the end of each day or when all pavers are placed. The plate vibrator can be applied up to 1.8 m from the laying face (incomplete edge).
'''Key Inspection Points:'''
*Cracked/broken pavers are discarded and replaced with intact pavers prior to filling void spaces.
*Sizes of pavers and joint width conform to applicable municipal standards.
*Pavers conform to the specifications of the design.
*Minimum setback of 1.8 m from the laying face is considered when compacting at the end of each workday.
*Cut pavers are installed to edges of the practice before compaction of completed sections takes place.
*Pavers are elevated within 3 mm to 10 mm above adjacent inlets or channels.
*Paver pattern and joint widths conform to the directions of the manufacturer.
*Permeable pavers are compacted at least twice with a plate compactor.
'''Mistakes to Avoid:'''
*Leaving pavers uncompacted – finished surfaces must be compacted at the end of each workday.
*Cutting blocks in infiltration area – edge pavers should be cut with a wet saw in a designated area away from the infiltration area to avoid clogging with fines and dust.
<gallery mode="packed" widths=300px heights=300px>
Paver-placement-vehicle.jpg | Installing entire pallets of pavers is possible with specialized equipment. (Photo Source: CVC, 2012)
Paver-placement-vehicle-2.jpg | The equipment shown can install single pallets of pavers all at once. (Photo Source: TRCA, n.d.)
Paver-placement-crane.jpg | Joined permeable pavers being installed with a crane. (Photo Source: TRCA, n.d.)
Paver-placement-cut.jpg | Pavers cut to the shape of the adjacent curb at IMAX Headquarters in Mississauga. (Photo Source: CVC, 2013)
IMAX-Paved.jpg | Finished parking lot at IMAX Headquarters in Mississauga. (Photo Source: CVC, 2013)
Paver-cutting-incorrect.jpg | Cutting pavers within the infiltration area is not advised as the fines/dust could clog the permeable surface. (Photo Source: CVC, 2014)
</gallery>
[[Category:Gallery]]
==Tamping==
==Tamping==
Tamping is an important construction step when installing permeable pavements systems. Tamping allows for the permeable surface (concrete or pavers) to set and adhere to the bedding layer beneath. Tamping also allows for flattening or evening out the surface, resulting in visually appealing finish.
'''Construction Steps:'''
#Remove any pieces that have imperfections on the surface.
#Place the tamper onto the pavement surface.
#Pass the tamper across all the pavement area.
'''Key Inspection Points:'''
*Equipment: According to the ([https://www.edmonton.ca/public-files/assets/document?path=LID%20CIM%20Guide.pdf City of Edmonton, 2016])<ref> City of Edmonton. 2016. Low Impact Development Construction, Inspection & Maintenance Guide. Edition 1.0. https://www.edmonton.ca/public-files/assets/document?path=LID%20CIM%20Guide.pdf</ref>, tamp the permeable surface with a "low amplitude plate vibrator (22-kN) compaction force at 75 to 95 Hz".
'''Mistakes to Avoid:'''
*Pervious Concrete
**Delays in tamping the pervious concrete. Tamping should be completed no more than 15 minutes after the concrete was placed.
*Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavers
**Forgetting to place a rubber pad attachment beneath the metal tamper plate. If no rubber mat is used the tamper may damage the surface of the pavers.
<gallery mode="packed" widths=300px heights=300px>
Tamping.jpg | Tamping of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement units after being placed on-site. <br>(This Old House, 2022)<ref> This Old House. 2022. How to Install a Permeable-Paver Driveway. Photo. Accessed August 2022. https://www.thisoldhouse.com/driveways/21016426/how-to-install-a-permeable-paver-driveway</ref>
IMG_3313.jpg | Tamping of permeable concrete at TRCA's head office in Vaughn, Ontario.<br>(Photo source: TRCA, 2009)
</gallery>
[[Category:Gallery]]
==Joint cutting==
==Joint cutting==
[[File:JointCutting2.jpg|400px|thumb|right| Cutting joints with a "pizza cutter". (Concrete Network, 2022)<ref> Concrete Network. 2022. Permeable Concrete Pavements. Photo. Accessed August 13 2022. https://www.concretenetwork.com/pervious/ </ref>]]
Pavement joints are important in permeable concrete systems to prevent the pavement being cracked and moved. These potential problems are caused by water, ice, salt and loads on the pavement surface.
'''Construction Steps:'''
#Ensure joint pattern and width match drawing details. According to the ([https://www.concrete.org/store/productdetail.aspx?ItemID=5221U13&Format=PROTECTED_PDF&Language=English&Units=US_Units American Concrete Institute (ACI), 2013])<ref> ACI. 2013. ACI 522.1-13 Specification for Pervious Concrete Pavement https://www.concrete.org/store/productdetail.aspx?ItemID=5221U13&Format=PROTECTED_PDF&Language=English&Units=US_Units </ref>, “minimum joint width for saw cutting is 3 mm”.
#Cut the joints on the pervious concrete surface immediately after the concrete is rolled/compacted.
#Alternatively, sawcut concrete after concrete has solidified enough to avoid removing aggregate material from the concrete pavement.
'''Key Inspection Points:'''
*Use of appropriate equipment
*Right width and depth
==Joint aggregate==
==Joint aggregate==
For more information on curb cuts, see these pages: [[Curb cuts]], [[Curb cuts: Gallery]] and [[Bioretention: Streetscapes]]<br>
For more information on curb cuts, see these pages: [[Curb cuts]], [[Curb cuts: Gallery]] and [[Bioretention: Streetscapes]]<br>
[[File:IMG 0852-1.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Natural lawn grass installed to stabilize the contributing drainage area at the Glendale P.S. rain garden in Brampton, Ontario.]]
==Stabilizing contributing drainage area==
==Stabilizing contributing drainage area==
Similar to the plant material verification and installation task shown above, any planting required to stabilize the contributing drainage area will need to meet the specifications and considerations shown above.<br>
Similar to the plant material verification and installation task shown above, any planting required to stabilize the contributing drainage area will need to meet the specifications and considerations shown above.<br>
<br>
Additionally, if [[turf]]/grass is required to stabilize the contributing drainage area, installation should be done as per the grower/nursery’s specifications and standards. See [[turf reinforcement]] for more information.
Additionally, if [[turf]]/grass is required to stabilize the contributing drainage area, installation should be done as per the grower/nursery’s specifications and standards. See [[turf reinforcement]] for more information.
==As-built surveys==
==As-built surveys==
Throughout the construction process, it is sometimes necessary to deviate from the intended design of LID features and adapt the design to on-site conditions. The completion of a post-construction as-built survey is a standard operating procedure for engineering projects that captures any changes made to the feature’s design during construction. For an example of municipal standards for as-built surveys, refer to the City of Toronto's [https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/98c7-ecs-specs-surveys-engsrv_survey_standards_for_consultant.pdf Engineering Survey Standards for Consultants]<ref>City of Toronto. 2021. Engineering Survey Standards for Consultants. https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/98c7-ecs-specs-surveys-engsrv_survey_standards_for_consultant.pdf</ref>
'''Survey Steps:'''
#Use the same datum as the pre-engineering survey.
#If a pre-engineering survey is not available, use a reference feature as the datum.
#Identify the type, diameter, and material of exposed utilities.
#Include data on critical feature elevations and existing utilities, such as:
#*Inverts of newly installed pipe
#*Vertical and horizontal bends in pipes
#*Existing public utilities
#*Existing private utilities
#*New and existing structures (e.g., catchbasins, manholes, chambers, etc.)
'''Inspection Points:'''
*Datum matches the pre-engineering survey or selected reference feature.
*Data provided in as-built survey matches the as-built standards of the local municipality.
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>