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| + | [[File:Dryponds map.PNG|thumb|link=https://goo.gl/68Ewnz|Click here to see map of Dry Ponds in Scarborough and surroundings]] |
| + | See also [[Water squares]] |
| {{TOClimit|2}} | | {{TOClimit|2}} |
− | Also known as infiltration basins or detention basins (according to their features). Dry ponds are a grassed alternative to [[bioretention]] cells. This permits the landscape to be accessed and used as an amenity space. | + | |
| + | Also known as infiltration basins or [[detention basins]] (according to their features). Dry ponds are a grassed alternative to [[bioretention]] cells. This permits the landscape to be accessed and used as an amenity space. |
| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Dry ponds are recommended as [[flood control]] structures to accommodate occasional excess overflow downstream of other structural BMPs. They should be integrated into the landscape as useful, accessible public space. | | Dry ponds are recommended as [[flood control]] structures to accommodate occasional excess overflow downstream of other structural BMPs. They should be integrated into the landscape as useful, accessible public space. |
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| Dry ponds are a useful tool for managing flooding during larger storm events. They are well suited to being placed downstream of other smaller distributed BMPs for occasional backup flood protection. | | Dry ponds are a useful tool for managing flooding during larger storm events. They are well suited to being placed downstream of other smaller distributed BMPs for occasional backup flood protection. |
| Where possible they should be integrated into amenity space, given that users rarely wish to continue outdoor activities during such intense rainstorms. | | Where possible they should be integrated into amenity space, given that users rarely wish to continue outdoor activities during such intense rainstorms. |
| + | |
| + | Compared to wet ponds “Dry ponds… …are less expensive to install, require less maintenance and may involve less liability for the communities around them.” |
| + | https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/soil-water-conservation/understanding-stormwater-ponds |
| | | |
| ===Risk=== | | ===Risk=== |
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| ==Design== | | ==Design== |
| + | {|{| class="wikitable" |
| + | |+Design parameters for extended detention<ref name="MOE">Ontario Ministry of Environment. (2003). Stormwater Management Planning and Design Manual. Retrieved January 15, 2017, from https://www.ontario.ca/document/stormwater-management-planning-and-design-manual/stormwater-management-plan-and-swmp-design</ref> |
| + | !Element |
| + | !Design Objective |
| + | !Criteria |
| + | |- |
| + | |Drainage Area |
| + | |Minimum orifice size (see [[flow control]]) |
| + | |style="text-align: left|5 Ha (≥10 Ha preferred) |
| + | |- |
| + | |Treatment Volume |
| + | |Provision of appropriate level of protection |
| + | |style="text-align: left|See [[#.|below]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |Active Storage |
| + | |Detention |
| + | |style="text-align: left|[[Total Suspended solids|Suspended solids]] settling 24 hrs (48 hrs preferred) |
| + | |- |
| + | |Forebay |
| + | |Pre-treatment |
| + | |style="text-align: left| |
| + | *Minimum depth: 1 m; |
| + | *Sized to ensure non-erosive velocities leaving forebay; |
| + | |- |
| + | |Length-to-Width Ratio |
| + | |Maximize flow path and minimize short-circuiting potential |
| + | |style="text-align: left| |
| + | *Overall: minimum 3:1; |
| + | *4:1 preferred |
| + | |- |
| + | |Depth |
| + | |Safety |
| + | |style="text-align: left|Maximum 3 m |
| + | |- |
| + | |Side slopes (See also [[berms]]) |
| + | |Safety |
| + | |style="text-align: left| |
| + | *4:1 average |
| + | |- |
| + | |Inlet |
| + | |Avoid clogging/freezing |
| + | |style="text-align: left| |
| + | *Minimum 450 mm; |
| + | *Preferred pipe slope: > 1 %; |
| + | *If submerged, obvert 150 mm below expected maximum ice depth |
| + | |- |
| + | |Outlet (See also [[flow control]]) |
| + | |Avoid clogging/freezing |
| + | |style="text-align: left| |
| + | *Minimum: 450 mm outlet pipe; |
| + | *Preferred pipe slope: > 1 %; |
| + | *If orifice control used, 75 mm diameter minimum; |
| + | *Minimum 100 mm orifice preferable |
| + | |- |
| + | |Maintenance access |
| + | |Access for backhoes or dredging equipment |
| + | |style="text-align: left| |
| + | *Provided to approval of Municipality; |
| + | *Provision of maintenance drawdown pipe preferred |
| + | |- |
| + | |Buffer |
| + | |Safety |
| + | |style="text-align: left|Minimum 3 m above maximum water quality/erosion control water level |
| + | |} |
| | | |
| The bottom of a dry pond should be flat to encourage uniform ponding and infiltration across the entire surface. Recommended tolerance on base levels 10 mm in 3m. | | The bottom of a dry pond should be flat to encourage uniform ponding and infiltration across the entire surface. Recommended tolerance on base levels 10 mm in 3m. |
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| ===Outlet=== | | ===Outlet=== |
− | Detention time
| + | http://www.iowastormwater.org/documents/filelibrary/files/infiltration_bmps/Outlet_Structures_48B13497A39A1.pdf |
− | A detention time of 24 hours should be targeted in all instances. Where this necessaitates a very low outflow, a [[Flow control#Vortex valve|vortex valve]] or similar is recommended over an orifice or pipe restiction. The detention time is approximated by the drawdown time.
| |
− | The drawdown time in the pond can be estimated using Equation 4.10. Equation 4.10 is the classic falling head orifice equation which assumes a constant pond surface area. This assumption is generally not valid, and a more accurate estimation can be made if Equation 4.10 is solved as a differential equation. This is easily done if the relationship between pond surface area and pond depth is approximated using a linear regression.
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− | | |
− | <math>A_O=\frac{2A_{P}}{t\ C(2g^{0.5})}\left ( h_{1}^{0.5}-h_{2}^{0.5} \right )</math>
| |
| | | |
− | t = start fraction 2 A subscript p over C A subscript o left-parenthesis 2 g right-parenthesis superscript 0 point 5 end fraction left-parenthesis h subscript 1 superscript 0 point 5 minus h subscript 2 superscript 0 point 5 right-parenthesis
| + | ===Detention time=== |
| + | A detention time of 24 hours should be targeted in all instances. Where this necessaitates a very low outflow, a [[Flow control#Vortex valve|vortex valve]] or similar is recommended over an [[orifice]] or pipe restiction. The detention time is approximated by the drawdown time. |
| + | The drawdown time in the pond can be estimated using the classic falling head orifice equation which assumes a constant pond surface area<ref name="MOE"/>. This assumption is generally not valid, and a more accurate estimation can be made if the equation is solved as a differential equation. This is easily done if the relationship between pond surface area and pond depth is approximated using a linear regression: |
| | | |
− | or if a relationship between Ap and h is known (i.e., A = C2h + C3)
| + | <math>A_o=\frac{2A_{P}}{t\ C(2g^{0.5})}\left ( h_{1}^{0.5}-h_{2}^{0.5} \right )</math> |
| | | |
− | t = start fraction 0 point 66 C subscript 2 h superscript 1 point 5 + 2 C subscript 3 h superscript 0 point 5 over 2 point 75 A subscript o end fraction | + | {{plainlist|1=Where |
| + | * ''t'' = Drawdown time (s) |
| + | * ''A<sub>p</sub>'' = Surface area of the pond(m<sup>2</sup>) |
| + | * ''C'' = Discharge coefficient (typically 0.63) |
| + | * ''A<sub>o</sub>'' = Cross-sectional area of the orifice(m<sup>2</sup>) |
| + | * ''g'' = Gravitational acceleration constant (9.81 m/s<sup>2</sup>) |
| + | * ''h<sub>1</sub>'' = Starting water elevation above the orifice (m) |
| + | * ''h<sub>2</sub>'' = Ending water elevation above the orifice (m)}} |
| | | |
− | where:
| |
− |
| |
− | t
| |
− | drawdown time in seconds
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− | Ap
| |
− | surface area of the pond(m²)
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− | C
| |
− | discharge coefficient (typically 0.63)
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− | A0
| |
− | cross-sectional area of the orifice(m²)
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− | g
| |
− | gravitational acceleration constant (9.81,/s2)
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− | h1
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− | starting water elevation above the orifice (m)
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− | h2
| |
− | ending water elevation above the orifice (m)
| |
| C2 | | C2 |
| slope coefficient from the area-depth linear regression | | slope coefficient from the area-depth linear regression |
| C3 | | C3 |
| intercept from the area-depth linear regression | | intercept from the area-depth linear regression |
− |
| |
− | <ref>Ontario Ministry of Environment. (2003). Stormwater Management Planning and Design Manual. Retrieved January 15, 2017, from https://www.ontario.ca/document/stormwater-management-planning-and-design-manual/stormwater-management-plan-and-swmp-design</ref>
| |
| | | |
| ===Excess flow control=== | | ===Excess flow control=== |
− | {{:flow through riser}}
| + | See [[Flow through riser]] |
− | https://www.hydrologystudio.com/no-fail-detention-pond-design/ | + | *https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/software/hy8/ |
| + | *https://www.hydrologystudio.com/no-fail-detention-pond-design/ |
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| ==Modeling== | | ==Modeling== |
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| ==External links== | | ==External links== |
| *[https://www.edmonton.ca/residential_neighbourhoods/PDF/handout_nov_ld.pdf Edmonton Dry Ponds] | | *[https://www.edmonton.ca/residential_neighbourhoods/PDF/handout_nov_ld.pdf Edmonton Dry Ponds] |
| + | |
| + | |
| + | ==To review== |
| + | https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calgary.ca%2FUEP%2FWater%2FPublishingImages%2FBraeside-Dry-Pond-610px.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calgary.ca%2FWWCDI&docid=RBtJ2qx0jhourM&tbnid=-OUrotj9LMYmfM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjpwbyNt-bfAhXlguAKHS1pDtQQMwhjKBcwFw..i&w=610&h=299&bih=723&biw=1536&q=traplow%20stormwater&ved=0ahUKEwjpwbyNt-bfAhXlguAKHS1pDtQQMwhjKBcwFw&iact=mrc&uact=8 |
| + | https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/publicworks/sites/publicworks/files/assets/documents/drypond_1.pdf |
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| [[category: Modeling]] | | [[category: Modeling]] |