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This article discusses the determination of a suitable infiltration rate to describe the native soils surrounding a proposed infiltration practice. It does not relate to the hydraulic condcutivity or permeability of filter media or planting media used within relevant BMPs.  
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This article discusses the determination of a suitable infiltration rate to describe the native soils surrounding a proposed infiltration practice. <br>
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It does not relate to the hydraulic conductivity or permeability of filter media or planting media used within vegetated BMPs.  
 
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{{TOClimit|2}}
 
The design infiltration rate (''f''') is used in all sizing calculations for [[bioretention]] and [[bioswales]], [[dry ponds]], [[infiltration trenches]] and [[infiltration chambers|chambers]], and [[exfiltration trenches]]. It is related to, but not synonymous with 'permeability', 'field hydraulic conductivity' (''K<sub>fc</sub>''), or 'saturated hydraulic conductivity' (''K<sub>sat</sub>''). Before application a safety correction factor (''SCF'') is incorporated into the figure, depending upon the source of the raw data, and the risk of failure of the finished practice.
 
The design infiltration rate (''f''') is used in all sizing calculations for [[bioretention]] and [[bioswales]], [[dry ponds]], [[infiltration trenches]] and [[infiltration chambers|chambers]], and [[exfiltration trenches]]. It is related to, but not synonymous with 'permeability', 'field hydraulic conductivity' (''K<sub>fc</sub>''), or 'saturated hydraulic conductivity' (''K<sub>sat</sub>''). Before application a safety correction factor (''SCF'') is incorporated into the figure, depending upon the source of the raw data, and the risk of failure of the finished practice.
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{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption: example table
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|+ Sources of data
 
|-
 
|-
 
! On site testing methods
 
! On site testing methods
! Off site testing methods
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! Off site analysis methods
 
! '''Unacceptable methods'''
 
! '''Unacceptable methods'''
 
|-
 
|-
|  
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|
*Guelph permeameter
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*[[Permeameter]]
*Double ring infiltrometer
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*[[Double ring infiltrometer]]
*Cased borehole (percolation test)
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*[[Percolation test]]
|-
+
|
|  
   
*[[Grain size analysis]] (Hazen)
 
*[[Grain size analysis]] (Hazen)
|-
   
|
 
|
 
*Single ring infiltrometer
 
*Single ring infiltrometer
 
*Soil textural classification   
 
*Soil textural classification   
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|}
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==Safety correction==
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The measured or calculated infiltration rate must be divided by a value between 2 and 3 before use in design<ref>Design criteria for infiltration. (2018, February 14). Minnesota Stormwater Manual, . Retrieved 00:16, March 14, 2018 from https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Design_criteria_for_infiltration&oldid=35583.</ref>
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{| class="wikitable"
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|+ Selecting a safety factor
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|-
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! 2
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! 3
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|-
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|Catchment < 100 m²
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|Catchment > 100 m²<ref>Ballard, B. W., Wilson, S., Udale-Clarke, H., Illman, S., Scott, T., Ashley, R., & Kellagher, R. (2015). The SuDS Manual. London.</ref>
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|-
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|Permeameter or percolation test on site
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|Double ring infiltrometer test on site, or grain size analysis used <ref>San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. (2017). Determination of Design Infiltration Rates for the Sizing of Infiltration‐based Green Infrastructure Facilities. Retrieved from http://sfwater.org/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=9681</ref>
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|-
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|Loamy or sandy soil
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|Clayey soil<ref>CRC for Water Sensitive Cities. (2015). Adoption Guidelines for Stormwater Biofiltration Systems: Appendix C - Guidelines for filter media in stormwater biofiltration systems.</ref>
 
|}
 
|}
    
==Planning for testing==
 
==Planning for testing==
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===Background Evaluation===
 
===Background Evaluation===
 
Prior to performing testing and developing a detailed site plan, existing site conditions should be inventoried and mapped including, but not limited to:
 
Prior to performing testing and developing a detailed site plan, existing site conditions should be inventoried and mapped including, but not limited to:
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#Surficial geology and underlying stratigraphy;
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#Watercourses (perennial and intermittent), water bodies, wetlands and floodplains;
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#Small headwater drainage features;
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#Topography, slope, and drainage patterns;
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#Existing land cover and land use;
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#Natural heritage conservation areas; and
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#Other man-made features or conditions that may impact design such as existing nearby structures (buildings, infrastructure, etc.).
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*Surficial geology and underlying stratigraphy;
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A sketch plan or preliminary layout plan for the proposed development should be evaluated, including:
*Watercourses (perennial and intermittent), water bodies, wetlands and floodplains;
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#The preliminary grading plan and areas of cut and fill;
*Small headwater drainage features;
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#The location and water surface elevation of all existing, and location of proposed water supply sources and wells;
*Topography, slope, and drainage patterns;
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#The location of all existing and proposed on-site wastewater (septic) systems;
*Existing land cover and land use;
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#The location of other features of note such as utility rights-of-way, water and sewer lines, etc.;
*Natural heritage conservation areas; and
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#Existing data from borehole, well and geophysical testing; and
*Other man-made features or conditions that may impact design such as existing nearby structures (buildings, infrastructure, etc.).
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#Proposed location of development features (buildings, roads, utilities, etc.).
   −
A sketch plan or preliminary layout plan for the proposed development should be evaluated, including:
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===Sampling===
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[[File:Test_pit.jpg|thumb|Infiltration testing should be carried out at relevant stages down through the profile of a test pit.]]
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The number of test pits or soil borings varies depending on site conditions and the proposed development plan. General guidelines are as follows:
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{| class="wikitable"
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! BMP footprint (m²)
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! Test pit
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! Bore hole
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|-
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| < 50 || 1 || 1
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|-
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|rowspan = 2| 50 – 900 <br> (alternative)|| 1 || 2
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|-
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| 2 || 0
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|-
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| rowspan = 2|> 900 <br> (alternative)|| 1 every 450 m² || 2 every 450 m²
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|-
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| 2 every 450 m² || 0
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|-
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| Linear  || 1 every 450 m² || 1 every 50 m
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|}
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* Tests must be conducted within 10 m of the infiltration practice footprint area.
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* Where multiple test are carried out, they should be planned equidistant and mapped accordingly.
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'''The recommendations above are guidelines'''
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Additional tests should be conducted if local conditions indicate significant variability in soil types, geology, water table levels, depth and type of bedrock, topography, etc. Similarly, uniform site conditions may indicate that fewer test pits are required. Excessive testing and disturbance of the site prior to construction is not recommended.<ref>Christopher B. Burke Engineering LLC. (2009). Soil Infiltration Testing Protocol SOIL INFILTRATION TESTING PROTOCOL Purpose of this Protocol Who Should Conduct Testing. Retrieved from https://www.in.gov/ocra/files/Appendix%20F%20-%20Soil%20Infiltration%20Testing%20Protocol.pdf</ref>
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*The preliminary grading plan and areas of cut and fill;
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----
*The location and water surface elevation of all existing, and location of proposed water supply sources and wells;
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[[Category:Infiltration]]
*The location of all existing and proposed on-site wastewater (septic) systems;
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*The location of other features of note such as utility rights-of-way, water and sewer lines, etc.;
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*Existing data from borehole, well and geophysical testing; and
  −
*Proposed location of development features (buildings, roads, utilities, etc.).
 
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