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| + | This is a collection of three articles with the common theme of being aggregate products for various applications in LID. |
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| + | ==Underground construction aggregates== |
| + | ===For reservoirs=== |
| + | {{:Reservoir aggregate}} |
| + | ===For choking/choker layers=== |
| + | {{:Choking layer}} |
| + | ---- |
| + | ===OPS Aggregates=== |
| + | {{:OPS Aggregates}} |
| + | For more information see [[OPS aggregates]] |
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− | ==Reservoir stone and choker layer== | + | ==Landscaping aggregates== |
− | | + | {{:Stone}} |
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| + | ==On-site verification== |
− | | + | {{:Jar test}} |
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− | [[File:Particle void ratio.png|thumb|The highest void ratio is found in uniformly graded aggregate, as there are no smaller particles to occupy the inter-particle pores.]]
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− | [[File:Particle permeability.png|thumb|Higher permeability is found in larger, angular, uniformly graded aggregate. This is due to larger pore sizes and lower tortuosity.]]
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− | The important characteristics of the stone within the reservoir or [[underdrain]] are the lack of fines, the void ratio and (to a lesser extent) the permeability.
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− | Porosity and permeability are directly influenced by the size, gradation and angularity of the particles <ref>Judge, Aaron, "Measurement of the Hydraulic Conductivity of Gravels Using a Laboratory Permeameter and Silty Sands Using Field Testing with Observation Wells" (2013). Dissertations. 746. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/746</ref>
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− | ==Stone for erosion control== | |
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− | Aggregates used to line [[swales]] or otherwise dissipate energy (e.g. in [[forebays]]) should have high angularity to increase the permissible shear stress applied by the flow of water. <ref>Roger T. Kilgore and George K. Cotton, (2005) Design of Roadside Channels with Flexible Linings Hydraulic Engineering Circular Number 15, Third Edition https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/05114/05114.pdf</ref> However, in some surface landscaped applications there may be a desire to use a rounded aggregate such as 'river rock' for aesthetic reasons.
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