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<p>Sodium and chloride ions in de-icing salts applied to asphalt areas travel easily with the runoff water.  De-icing salt can also increase the mobility of some heavy metals in soil (e.g., lead, copper and cadmium). This can increase the heavy metal concentrations in downstream water (Amrhein et al., 1992; Bauske and Goetz, 1993). </p>

<p>Sodium and chloride ions in de-icing salts applied to asphalt areas travel easily with the runoff water.  De-icing salt can also increase the mobility of some heavy metals in soil (e.g., lead, copper and cadmium). This can increase the heavy metal concentrations in downstream water (Amrhein et al., 1992; Bauske and Goetz, 1993). </p>

<p> Very few studies have sampled groundwater below infiltration facilities or roadside ditches receiving de-icing salt laden runoff have found concentrations of heavy metals that exceed drinking water standards (e.g., Howard and Beck, 1993; Granato et al., 1995).   

<p> <strong>Very few studies have sampled groundwater below infiltration facilities or roadside ditches receiving de-icing salt laden runoff have found concentrations of heavy metals that exceed drinking water standards (e.g., Howard and Beck, 1993; Granato et al., 1995).</strong> </p>

<p>To minimize risk of groundwater contamination the following management approaches are recommended (Pitt et al., 1999; TRCA, 2009b):

<p>To minimize risk of groundwater contamination the following management approaches are recommended (Pitt et al., 1999; TRCA, 2009b):

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