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− | [[File:perf pipe.gif|thumb|500 px|Exfiltration trench under high flow and exfiltration conditions]] | + | {{float right|[[File:Perf pipe resize small.gif|417 × 194 px|Exfiltration trench under high flow and exfiltration conditions]]}} |
| Exfiltration trenches are similar to [[infiltration trenches]] but differ primarily in the the manner in which stormwater is delivered to the trench.<br> | | Exfiltration trenches are similar to [[infiltration trenches]] but differ primarily in the the manner in which stormwater is delivered to the trench.<br> |
| Runoff enters infiltration trenches directly by infiltration from the surface. In exfiltration systems, surface runoff is collected by drainage [[inlets]] and delivered to the trench via subsurface perforated [[pipes]]. | | Runoff enters infiltration trenches directly by infiltration from the surface. In exfiltration systems, surface runoff is collected by drainage [[inlets]] and delivered to the trench via subsurface perforated [[pipes]]. |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
− | Exfiltration systems can be thought of as linear soakaways; designed for both conveyance and [[infiltration]] of excess stormwater. | + | Exfiltration systems can be thought of as infiltration trenches that are integrated with conventional stormwater conveyance systems (i.e. catch basins, solid pipes and maintenance holes), designed for both conveyance and [[infiltration]] of excess stormwater. |
| By attenuating runoff volume, they reduce contaminant loads delivered to downstream BMPs, end-of-pipe facilities or receiving waterbodies. | | By attenuating runoff volume, they reduce contaminant loads delivered to downstream BMPs, end-of-pipe facilities or receiving waterbodies. |
− | They are composed of perforated [[pipes]] installed in gently sloping granular stone beds, lined with [[Geotextiles|geotextile]] fabric.
| + | {{textbox|Exfiltration pipe systems are an ideal technology for: |
| + | *Road retrofits where sewer lines are being replaced, |
| + | *All new road/storm sewer constructions where no constraints to infiltration exist, |
| + | *Tight urban spaces where no landscaped practices can be squeezed in, and there is a low risk tolerance for flooding.}} |
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| + | Take a look at the downloadable Exfiltration Trench Systems Factsheet below for a .pdf overview of this LID Best Management Practice: |
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| + | {{Clickable button|[[File:Exfiltration.png|150 px|link=https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/4/4e/Exfiltration_systems_final.pdf]]}} |
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| + | '''The fundamental components of an exfiltration system are:''' |
| + | *[[pretreatment| pre-treatment devices]] to retain coarse sediment, trash, debris and floatables, |
| + | *perforated [[pipes]] embedded in washed gravel connected to maintenance holes and catch basins, |
| + | *a gently sloping granular [[reservoir aggregate| storage reservoir]] below the perforated pipe. |
| + | '''Optional components include:''' |
| + | *[[Geotextile]] to prevent migration of fines into the reservoir; |
| + | *Trench plugs to help disperse stormwater throughout the trench and enhance infiltration; and |
| + | *Perforated maintenance hole or catch basin risers. |
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| Exfiltration systems can be used in place of conventional storm sewer pipes, where topography, water table depth, and [[water quality]] conditions are suitable. They are suitable for treating runoff from roofs, walkways, parking lots and low to medium traffic roads, with adequate [[pretreatment]]. | | Exfiltration systems can be used in place of conventional storm sewer pipes, where topography, water table depth, and [[water quality]] conditions are suitable. They are suitable for treating runoff from roofs, walkways, parking lots and low to medium traffic roads, with adequate [[pretreatment]]. |
− | [[Perforated catchbasins]] are a design variation, where the sump is perforated to allow runoff to infiltrate into the underlying soil.
| + | Exfiltration systems can also be referred to as perforated pipe systems, clean water collector systems and percolation drainage systems. |
− | Exfiltration systems can also be referred to as perforated pipe systems, pervious pipe systems, clean water collector systems and percolation drainage systems. | |
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| ==Planning== | | ==Planning== |
| If properly located, designed and maintained, perforated pipe systems can greatly reduce runoff volume while having little or no surface footprint, which helps to conserve highly valued developable land. | | If properly located, designed and maintained, perforated pipe systems can greatly reduce runoff volume while having little or no surface footprint, which helps to conserve highly valued developable land. |
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− | Systems should be located below shoulders of roadways, [[permeable paving]] or [[swales]] where they can be readily excavated for servicing. An adequate subsurface area outside of the 4 m setback from building foundations and suitable distance from other underground utilities must be available. | + | Systems should be located below shoulders of roadways, [[permeable pavements]] or [[swales]] where they can be readily excavated for servicing. An adequate subsurface area outside of the 4 m setback from building foundations and suitable distance from other underground utilities must be available. |
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| ===Site Topography=== | | ===Site Topography=== |
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| ==Design== | | ==Design== |
| ===Geometry and Site Layout=== | | ===Geometry and Site Layout=== |
− | Gravel beds in which exfiltration systems are installed are typically rectangular excavations with a bottom width between 0.6 and 2.4 m <ref>Greater Vancouver Regional District. 2005. Stormwater Source Control Design | + | *Gravel beds in which exfiltration systems are installed are typically rectangular excavations with a bottom width between 0.6 and 2.4 m <ref>Greater Vancouver Regional District. 2005. Stormwater Source Control Design |
| Guidelines 2005. Prepared by Lanarc Consultants Limited, Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Limited and Goya Ngan</ref>. | | Guidelines 2005. Prepared by Lanarc Consultants Limited, Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Limited and Goya Ngan</ref>. |
| + | *The gravel beds should have gentle slopes between 0.5 - 1 %. |
| + | *Calculate maximum '''[[flow through perforated pipe]]''' |
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| + | ===Drawings=== |
| + | Standard details for exfiltration trenches have been produced by City of Kitchener and City of Barrie. See [[Drawings]] |
| + | ==Gallery== |
| + | {{:Exfiltration:_Gallery}} |
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− | The gravel beds should have gentle slopes between 0.5 - 1%.
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| ==Materials== | | ==Materials== |
| {{:Reservoir aggregate}} | | {{:Reservoir aggregate}} |
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| ==Performance== | | ==Performance== |
| {{:Exfiltration: Performance}} | | {{:Exfiltration: Performance}} |
| + | ===See also=== |
| + | [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/home/urban-runoff-green-infrastructure/low-impact-development/perforated-pipe-systems/ STEP and partners research and reports on exfiltration systems] |
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| ==External resources== | | ==External resources== |