Changes

===Landscaped areas===

===Landscaped areas===

Landscaped area retrofits on small commercial sites are limited due to high impervious surface coverage. Landscaped areas can often be found near the site perimeter. Where open channel conveyance systems like ditches and swales exist, bioswales are often a suitable retrofit option. Bioretention

Landscaped area retrofits on small commercial sites are limited due to high impervious surface coverage. Landscaped areas can often be found near the site perimeter. Where open channel conveyance systems like ditches and swales exist, bioswales are often a suitable retrofit option. Bioretention may also be a suitable option along green site perimeter areas. On many sites, drainage is conveyed towards site perimeters and away from the building, allowing for the capture of parking lot runoff.

may also be a suitable option along green site perimeter areas. On many sites, drainage will be conveyed towards site perimeters/away from the building. This allows for the capture of parking lot runoff.

===Roof areas===

===Roof areas===

The roof areas of small commercial buildings account for large impervious surfaces. Whether internal or external roof drains are present, rainwater harvesting is a viable option to achieve water balance benefits. Harvested water can be used for most outdoor uses including irrigation and pressure washing of hard surfaces. Indoor non-potable uses like toilet flushing can most easily be integrated into flat-roof systems with internal roof drainage pipes.

Small commercial buildings roofs are large impervious surfaces and offer excellent opportunities to intercept runoff. Whether drained by internal or external means, rainwater harvesting is a viable option to achieve water balance benefits. Harvested water is useful for irrigation and for pressure washing of hard surfaces. Indoor non-potable uses - e.g. toilet flushing - are viable options on roofs with internal drainage pipes. Green roofs are an alternative, as is directing roof leaders to bioretention areas, soakaways or even permeable pavement.

 

Small commercial building roofs offer excellent opportunities to intercept runoff. Directing roof leaders to bioretention areas, soakaways or even permeable pavement is an option. Alternatively, you could establish a green roof or collect water with a rainwater harvesting system and use it for onsite irrigation or other non-potable uses.

===Parking areas===

===Parking areas===

Like large commercial sites, parking patterns on small commercial sites will include areas of high use that are close to the buildings, as well as areas that are used only during periods of peak demand. Due to lower vehicle speeds and fewer heavy loads, parking lots are ideal locations for

Like large commercial sites, parking patterns on small commercial sites will include areas of high use close to the buildings, as well as areas used only during periods of peak demand. Due to lower vehicle speeds and fewer heavy loads, parking lots are ideal locations for

permeable pavement installations. Bioretention areas may also be located in parking lot areas and are typically enclosed by curbing. Runoff from parking lots can also be directed to LID practices external to the parking lot areas such as perimeter bioswales or soakaways. Infiltration chambers can also be placed under parking lots to provide infiltration or required detention volumes for roof and/or parking areas. Utilities may be buried within parking lots. These are frequently electrical

permeable pavement installations. Bioretention areas are options for areas enclosed by curbing. Consider directing parking lot runoff to LID practices external to the parking lot, such as perimeter bioswales or soakaways. Infiltration chambers installed under parking lots would provide runoff volume reductions. Utilities, frequently electrical lines for lot lighting, may be buried within parking lots, so be sure to get locates before digging.  

lines for parking lot lighting. Locates are required before digging occurs.

==Light industrial sites==

==Light industrial sites==

[[File:LID_options_for_light_industrial_sites.png|thumb|LID options for light industrial sites]]

[[File:LID_options_for_light_industrial_sites.png|thumb|LID options for light industrial sites]]

Light industrial sites include light manufacturing, warehouse, warehouse-manufacturing multiuse, laboratories, as well as food production and processing facilities. Common landform features of light industrial sites include fewer than four storeys of building height, maintenance yards, shipping and receiving areas, fl at roofs with internal drainage, and vast but often underused parking lots.

Light industrial sites include light manufacturing, warehouse, warehouse-manufacturing, laboratories, and food production and processing facilities. Common landform features include buildings with less than four stories, maintenance yards, shipping and receiving areas, flat roofs with internal drainage, and vast but often underused parking lots.

Light industrial sites present unique challenges and opportunities. When evaluating the LID retrofit opportunities on a light industrial site, give preliminary consideration to pollution prevention, especially in and around shipping and receiving areas, and product or waste storage areas.

Light industrial sites present unique challenges and opportunities. When evaluating the LID retrofit opportunities on a light industrial site, give preliminary consideration to pollution prevention, especially in and around shipping and receiving areas, and product or waste storage areas.

===Storage / shipping and receiving===

===Storage / shipping and receiving===

Light industrial lands often have storage and/or shipping and receiving areas located immediately adjacent to the building in the front or rear of the property. Due to the intensive use of these areas, they are significant contributors to pollutant loading.  

Light industrial lands often have storage and shipping and receiving areas located immediately adjacent to buildings. Due to the intensive use of these areas, they are significant contributors to pollutant loading.  

Often, the simplest and most inexpensive way to reduce pollutant loading from these areas is implementing P2 practices. P2 includes non-structural solutions that reduce pollutant loading by changing site practices. For example, reducing the amount of de-icing salts used in the winter can

Often, the simplest and most inexpensive way to reduce pollutant loading from such areas is implementing [[https://www.epa.gov/p2P2 practices]]. P2 includes non-structural solutions that reduce pollutant loading by changing site practices. For example, reducing the amount of de-icing salts used in the winter can significantly improve runoff quality. Changing the location of product or waste storage from the perimeter of the site to a controlled catchment area or within the building can also improve runoff quality. Modifying loading and unloading practices by changing equipment or implementing weather policies can also be extremely effective in reducing the stormwater impact of a site.

significantly improve runoff quality. Changing the location of product or waste storage from the perimeter of the site to a controlled catchment area or within the building can also improve runoff quality. Modifying loading and unloading practices by changing equipment or implementing weather

policies can also be extremely effective in reducing the stormwater impact of a site.

Structural P2 practices for these areas could include spill containment structures used to temporarily detain materials or liquids until collection and disposal can occur. Spill containment structures should be part of a site-specific spill response plan. These systems may include subsurface vaults or oversized pipes with shut off valves. Staff training is mandatory for operating these systems.

Structural P2 practices for these areas could include spill containment structures used to temporarily detain materials or liquids until collection and disposal can occur. Spill containment structures should be part of a site-specific spill response plan. These systems may include subsurface vaults and oversized pipes with shut off valves. Staff training is mandatory for operating these systems.

Outdoor material and waste storage areas can be upgraded with covered storage bins, shelters, or containers to prevent rain from coming into contact with materials that impact stormwater quality.

Outdoor material and waste storage areas can be upgraded with covered storage bins, shelters, or containers to prevent rain from coming into contact with materials that impact stormwater quality.

Establishing buffers around surface conveyance features can also provide significant improvements to runoff quality. These buffers may include physical barriers like bollards or curbs to prevent conveyance features from being used as storage areas.

Establishing buffers around surface conveyance features can also provide significant improvements to runoff quality. These buffers may include physical barriers, such as bollards or curbs, for preventing conveyance features from being used as storage areas.

===Staff parking areas and rooftops===

===Staff parking areas and rooftops===

==Institutional sites==

==Institutional sites==

[[File:Institutional_Options.png|thumb|LID options for institutional land use]]

[[File:Institutional_Options.png|thumb|LID options for institutional land use]]

Institutional sites include colleges, universities, long-term care homes, and retirement homes. While site features can vary significantly, typical features include multiple-storey buildings, large parking areas that comprise a smaller percentage of overall area than commercial sites, flat roofs with internal drainage, and significant pedestrian and common areas for public interaction.  

Institutional sites include colleges, universities, long-term care homes and retirement homes. While site features can vary significantly, typical features include multiple-storey buildings, large parking areas that comprise a smaller percentage of overall area than commercial sites, flat roofs with internal drainage, and significant pedestrian and common areas for public interaction.  

Some institutional sites, including university campuses, will include vast networks of buildings

Some institutional sites, including university campuses, will include vast networks of buildings and interconnected pathways. Institutional sites typically have dedicated landscaping and/or operations and maintenance staff who can be trained to provide the required long-term maintenance.

and interconnected pathways. Institutional sites typically have dedicated landscaping and/or operations and maintenance staff that can be trained to provide the required long-term maintenance.

===Parking areas===

===Parking areas===

Parking lots on institutional sites represent a large source of stormwater pollutants. LID designers should target these areas to improve runoff quality and reduce runoff volumes. LID options suitable for parking lot runoff include bioretention areas within parking lot islands or along the perimeter of the parking lot, bioswales along the perimeter of the parking lot, and infiltration chambers buried underneath the parking lot or along adjacent green space. Consider modular units, especially as part of a treatment train with other LID practices.

Parking lots on institutional sites represent a significant source of stormwater pollutants. LID designers should target these areas to improve runoff quality and reduce runoff volumes. LID options suitable for parking lot runoff include bioretention areas within parking lot islands or along the parking lot perimeter, bioswales along the perimeter of the parking lot, and infiltration chambers buried underneath the parking lot or along adjacent green space. Consider modular units, especially as part of a treatment train with other LID practices.

Permeable pavement is another viable option for institutional parking lot retrofits. On sites with several parking lots, consider the feasibility of modifying operations for LID practices. A site partially retrofitted with permeable pavement will likely require two separate parking lot maintenance plans: one for the conventional asphalt and one for the permeable pavement.

Permeable pavement is another viable option for institutional parking lot retrofits. On sites with several parking lots, consider the feasibility of modifying operations for LID practices. A site partially retrofitted with permeable pavement will likely require two separate parking lot maintenance plans: one for the conventional asphalt and one for the permeable pavement.

===Landscaped areas===

===Landscaped areas===

Institutional sites present many opportunities for landscaped area retrofits. Landscaped areas are often found along pedestrian pathways connecting the site’s high-use areas. These areas are ideal to establish highly visible LID practices like bioretention areas or bioswales. Landscaped areas may

Institutional sites present many opportunities for landscaped area retrofits. Often found along pedestrian pathways and adjacent to buildings, landscaped areas are ideal for establishing highly visible LID practices like bioretention areas or bioswales. Gardens and parking islands in close proximity to buildings can be converted to bioretention areas and/or irrigated via a rainwater harvesting system.

also be found adjacent to buildings where they provide break areas for site users. Enhancing these areas with highly visible LID practices is another option. Gardens and parking islands in close proximity to buildings can be converted to bioretention areas and/or irrigated via a rainwater harvesting system.

To reduce site maintenance costs on large properties, site owners can consider alternative landscaping to a high maintenance lawn. No-mow or naturalized areas require minimal maintenance compared to mown grass areas and can greatly reduce site runoff by encouraging interception by tree canopies and evapotranspiration by green vegetation. Naturalized areas with cleanly mowed edges and colourful plant species can still give the impression of an orderly and attractive landscape.

To reduce site maintenance costs on large properties, site owners should consider alternative landscaping to a high-maintenance lawn. No-mow or naturalized areas require minimal maintenance compared to mown grass areas and can greatly reduce site runoff by encouraging interception by tree canopies and evapotranspiration by green vegetation. Naturalized areas with cleanly mowed edges and colourful plant species can still give the impression of an orderly and attractive landscape.

Go back to [[Screening LID Options]]

Go back to [[Screening LID Options]]