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==Overview==
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==Pluvial (Surface) flooding==  
 
==Pluvial (Surface) flooding==  
 
Pluvial flooding occurs when a heavier storm exceeds the urban drainage capacity and causes flooding in some low-lying areas. This results in traffic interruption, economic loss, and other issues. As the climate changes, the incidence of extreme weather events in Ontario is expected to increase and the urban drainage capacity may be overwhelmed more often.  
 
Pluvial flooding occurs when a heavier storm exceeds the urban drainage capacity and causes flooding in some low-lying areas. This results in traffic interruption, economic loss, and other issues. As the climate changes, the incidence of extreme weather events in Ontario is expected to increase and the urban drainage capacity may be overwhelmed more often.  
LID’s effects urban flooding at a scale of urban drainage systems
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LID’s effects urban flooding at a scale of urban drainage systems Kim & Han  (2008);and  Han & Mun (2011) conducted studies to assess if the installation of a [[rainwater harvesting]] cisterns could help solve existing urban flooding problems without expanding the capacity of the existing urban drainage system.
Kim & Han  (2008);and  Han & Mun (2011) conducted studies to assess if the installation of a rainwater storage tank can help solve existing urban flooding problems without expanding the capacity of the existing urban drainage system.
      
==Riverine Flooding==
 
==Riverine Flooding==
 
Urbanization increases impervious surfaces and the increased impervious surface will result in an increase in runoff, as a result the flows exceed the capacity of the receiving downstream section of river and this may cause flooding.
 
Urbanization increases impervious surfaces and the increased impervious surface will result in an increase in runoff, as a result the flows exceed the capacity of the receiving downstream section of river and this may cause flooding.
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''“Hydrological changes associated with urbanisation are increased storm runoff volumes and peak flows (Qp), faster flow velocities and shorter time of concentrations. A reduction in infiltration generally leads to less groundwater recharge and baseflow.The flashy response results in tremendous stresses for the urban stream and downstream receiving areas (Walsh et al., 2005)."''
 
''“Hydrological changes associated with urbanisation are increased storm runoff volumes and peak flows (Qp), faster flow velocities and shorter time of concentrations. A reduction in infiltration generally leads to less groundwater recharge and baseflow.The flashy response results in tremendous stresses for the urban stream and downstream receiving areas (Walsh et al., 2005)."''
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*wet ponds;
 
*wet ponds;
 
*[[dry ponds]];
 
*[[dry ponds]];
*[[infiltration]] facilities with quantity control component; and,
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*[[infiltration]] facilities and other low impact development practices with quantity control component.
*low impact development practices with quantity control component.
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Infiltration facilities and low impact development practices (such as [[bioretention cells]] and [[rainwater harvesting]]) are typically designed to manage more frequent and lower magnitude rainfall events. However, should these practices be designed for year round functionality, with sufficient flood storage capacity, the volume reductions associated with these practices will only be recognized where the local municipality has endorsed the use of these practices and has considered long term operations and maintenance.
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Infiltration facilities and low impact development practices (such as [[bioretention]] and [[rainwater harvesting]]) are typically designed to manage more frequent and lower magnitude rainfall events. However, should these practices be designed for year round functionality, with sufficient flood storage capacity, the volume reductions associated with these practices will be recognized where the local municipality has endorsed the use of these practices and has considered long term operations and maintenance.
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==Background Research==
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==Background research==
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TRCA conducted [[modeling]] to evaluate different stormwater management measures (LID and Ponds) in mitigating impacts of development on the peak flow and runoff volume.
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A sub-catchment in Humber River was selected that has an area of 35.71 ha. The existing land use in the sub-catchment is agriculture and the proposed future land use is employment land with 91% total imperviousness.
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TRCA undertook modeling excises to evaluate effectiveness of different stormwater management measures (LID and Ponds) in mitigating impacts of development on the peak flow and runoff volume. A sub-catchment in Humber River was selected that has an area of 35.71 ha. The existing land use in the sub-catchment is agriculture and the proposed future land use is employment land with 91% total imperviousness.
   
Hydrological model run were carried out by integrating different stormwater management measures (LID and SWM Pond) for 2-year and 100-year 6-hr AES design storms.
 
Hydrological model run were carried out by integrating different stormwater management measures (LID and SWM Pond) for 2-year and 100-year 6-hr AES design storms.
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Scenarios evaluated include:
 
Scenarios evaluated include:
 
#LID measures that provide 25 mm on-site retention
 
#LID measures that provide 25 mm on-site retention
 
#SWM pond to control post-development peak flows to pre-development peak flows.
 
#SWM pond to control post-development peak flows to pre-development peak flows.
 
#Combination of scenario 1 and scenario 2
 
#Combination of scenario 1 and scenario 2
Runoff volume and peak flow reductions were calculated.
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Runoff volume and peak flow reductions were calculated:
    
===Peak Flow===
 
===Peak Flow===
25 mm on-site retention using LID measures can reduce post-development peak flows generated from 2 to 5 year design storms by over 26%, whereas for 50  and 100 year design storms it reduces only 4%  and 1% respectively. This shows that LID will not reduce significantly the post-development peak flows generated  from major storms.
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*The 25 mm on-site retention using LID measures reduced post-development peak flows generated from 2 to 5 year design storms by over 26%,
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*For 50  and 100 year design storms it reduces only 4%  and 1% respectively.  
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This shows that LID will not reduce significantly the post-development peak flows generated  from major storms.
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In order to meet flood control requirements, LID need to be augmented by some flood storage measures such as [[dry ponds]] or [[infiltration chambers|underground storage]].
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===Runoff Volume===
 
===Runoff Volume===
25 mm on-site retention using LID measures can reduce post-development runoff volume generated from 2 to 5 year design storms by over 52 %, whereas for 50  and 100 year design storms it reduces only 33%  and 30% respectively. This shows that the post-development runoff volume generated from major storms  going to receiving features can be reduced considerably by implementing LID to retain 25 mm
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*The 25 mm on-site retention using LID measures can reduce post-development runoff volume generated from 2 to 5 year design storms by over 52 %,
Finally, LID as standalone cannot control post-development peak flows to pre-development peak flows under major storm events.
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*For 50  and 100 year design storms it reduces only 33%  and 30% respectively.  
Therefore, in order to meet flood control requirements, LID need to be augmented by some flood storage measures such as dry/park ponds, underground storage.  
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This shows that the post-development runoff volume generated from major storms  going to receiving features can be reduced considerably by implementing LID to retain 25 mm.
    
==Literature Review==
 
==Literature Review==
 
Review examples of where LID practices with quantity control components have been used for achieving flood control  
 
Review examples of where LID practices with quantity control components have been used for achieving flood control  
Example 1: Costco Distribution Centre
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<h3>Example 1: Costco Distribution Centre</h3>
 
Costco Distribution Centre located within Block 59, Vaughan. The site has 26.4 ha  and the land use is commercial site with an average site imperviousness of approximately 90%;
 
Costco Distribution Centre located within Block 59, Vaughan. The site has 26.4 ha  and the land use is commercial site with an average site imperviousness of approximately 90%;
Stormwater Management Criteria for the site include:
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Quantity Control – meet Humber River Unit Release Rates;
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Quality Control – 80% TSS Removal;
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Water Balance – Best Efforts to match post to pre;
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Erosion control, 25mm erosion storm released over 72 hours, on-site retention of the first 5mm of rainfall
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Stormwater Management Strategy
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A series of sub-surface infiltration chambers providing on-site retention/infiltration of the 5mm storm, water balance to reduce runoff volumes, and storage of the 100-year storm;
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Quality treatment provided using an oil/grit separator immediately upstream of each of the infiltration chambers, filtration through the infiltration chamber, and finally a stormwater management facility provided prior to discharging from the site.
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Final erosion control provided within the stormwater management facility, controlling release rates to maintain the existing condition erosion exceedance values.
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Final design required both LIDs to reduce the overall runoff volumes, but also sub-surface storage chambers to provide quantity control for rare storm events up to the 100-year design storm. Due to large area required for truck parking, limited opportunities for more landscaping to promote evapotranspiration, runoff volumes increased beyond ability of LIDs to negate the need for quantity control.
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Example 2. West Gormley, Town of Richmond Hill
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'''Stormwater Management Criteria'''
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*Quantity Control – meet Humber River Unit Release Rates;
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*Quality Control – 80% TSS Removal;
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*Water Balance – Best Efforts to match post to pre;
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*Erosion control, 25mm erosion storm released over 72 hours, on-site retention of the first 5mm of rainfall
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'''Stormwater Management Strategy'''
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#A series of sub-surface infiltration chambers providing on-site retention/infiltration of the 5mm storm, water balance to reduce runoff volumes, and storage of the 100-year storm;
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#Quality treatment provided using an oil/grit separator immediately upstream of each of the infiltration chambers, filtration through the infiltration chamber, and finally a stormwater management facility provided prior to discharging from the site.
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#Final erosion control provided within the stormwater management facility, controlling release rates to maintain the existing condition erosion exceedance values.
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#Final design required both LIDs to reduce the overall runoff volumes, but also sub-surface storage chambers to provide quantity control for rare storm events up to the 100-year design storm. Due to large area required for truck parking, limited opportunities for more landscaping to promote [[evapotranspiration]], runoff volumes increased beyond ability of LIDs to negate the need for quantity control.
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<h3>Example 2. West Gormley, Town of Richmond Hill</h3>
 
Residential development consisting of low and medium density land-use is implemented on the site. Average site imperviousness is approximately 60%;
 
Residential development consisting of low and medium density land-use is implemented on the site. Average site imperviousness is approximately 60%;
Stormwater Management Criteria for the site include:
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Quantity Control – Rouge River – match post development peak flow rates to pre-development;
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Quality Control – 80% TSS Removal;
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Water Balance –Match post development water budget to pre-development;
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Erosion Control – Southern portion of site discharging to a natural dry valley feature.  Feature and contributing drainage area consists of very sandy soil, producing no runoff until a greater than 25-year storm event.
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Therefore, development discharging to dry valley needed to match runoff volumes, or have no runoff from development area for storms less than 25-year design storm.
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Stormwater Management Strategy
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Use a combination of increased topsoil depths, perforated storm sewers, stormwater management facility, and an infiltration facility to provide quality, quantity, and reduce runoff volumes to match pre-development.
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Even with favorable soils and maximum use of infiltration techniques, site still requires quantity control storage for large storm events.
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Example 3: 3775-4005 Dundas St West (includes 2-6 Humber Hill Ave), Toronto
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The site is located in Toronto. The size of the site is 0.53 ha. The site currently developed as commercial and residential. Proposed high rise (11-storeys) residential building with 3 levels of underground parking Proposed average site imperviousness is 90% (excluding uncontrolled buffer area 0.22 ha)
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Stormwater Management Criteria
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Quantity Control – not requirement as drains to Lower Humber River
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Quality Control – 80% TSS Removal
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Water balance/Erosion Control – Retention of 5 mm event on-site
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==Stormwater Strategy==
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'''Stormwater Management Criteria'''
Large portion of the roof proposed as green roof and cistern proposed in underground parking to capture remaining volume to meet 5 mm target.  Water to be used for irrigation and carwash stations.
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*Quantity Control – Rouge River – match post development peak flow rates to pre-development;
Quality target achieved as majority of site is ‘clean’ roof water or directed to pervious area. Underground storage tank provided to satisfy municipal release rates to receiving storm sewer system.
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*Quality Control – 80% TSS Removal;
===Overall Conclusions===
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*Water Balance –Match post development water budget to pre-development;
Final design required both LIDs to reduce the overall runoff volumes, but also sub-surface storage chambers to provide quantity control to meet municipal requirements.
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*Erosion Control – Southern portion of site discharging to a natural dry valley feature.  Feature and contributing drainage area consists of very sandy soil, producing no runoff until a greater than 25-year storm event.
Due to underground parking limited opportunities for infiltration LIDs but used green roof to promote evapotranspiration, and cistern to reduce runoff volumes.  
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:Therefore, development discharging to dry valley needed to match runoff volumes, or have no runoff from development area for storms less than 25-year design storm.
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'''Stormwater Management Strategy'''
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#Use a combination of increased topsoil depths, perforated storm sewers, stormwater management facility, and an infiltration facility to provide quality, quantity, and reduce runoff volumes to match pre-development.
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#Even with favorable soils and maximum use of infiltration techniques, site still requires quantity control storage for large storm events.
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<h3>Example 3: 3775-4005 Dundas St West (includes 2-6 Humber Hill Ave), Toronto</h3>
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The size of the site is 0.53 ha. The site currently developed as commercial and residential. Proposed high rise (11-storeys) residential building with 3 levels of underground parking Proposed average site imperviousness is 90% (excluding uncontrolled buffer area 0.22 ha)
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'''Stormwater Management Criteria'''
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*Quantity Control – not requirement as drains to Lower Humber River
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*Quality Control – 80% TSS Removal
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*Water balance/Erosion Control – Retention of 5 mm event on-site
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'''Stormwater Strategy'''
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#Large portion of the roof proposed as green roof and cistern proposed in underground parking to capture remaining volume to meet 5 mm target.  Water to be used for irrigation and carwash stations.
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#Quality target achieved as majority of site is ‘clean’ roof water or directed to pervious area. Underground storage tank provided to satisfy municipal release rates to receiving storm sewer system.
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#Final design required both LIDs to reduce the overall runoff volumes, but also sub-surface storage chambers to provide quantity control to meet municipal requirements.
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#Due to underground parking limited opportunities for infiltration LIDs but used green roof to promote evapotranspiration, and cistern to reduce runoff volumes.
    
==Data Analysis/Modelling==
 
==Data Analysis/Modelling==
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*Inlet design to accept the minor and major system
 
*Inlet design to accept the minor and major system
 
*How to incorporate emergency overflow structures into the design?
 
*How to incorporate emergency overflow structures into the design?
*What features can be incorporated to all you to adjust the infrastructure?
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*What features can be incorporated to adjust the infrastructure?
===Operation & Maintenance considerations===
      
Check for related content on [[Peak flow]]
 
Check for related content on [[Peak flow]]

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