Changes

==Mitigative strategies==

==Mitigative strategies==

[[File:Western beaches storage tunnel.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The 4km long West Beaches Storage Tunnel in Toronto stores and treats combined sewer overflows and stormwater to prevent untreated sewage from entering Lake Ontario. It is a grey infrastructure solution which helps prevent localized flooding by collecting and storing water and uses [[sedimentation]] and UV disinfection to improve water quality (McNally, 2017) <ref>McNally. 2017. Western Beaches Tunnel – Toronto, ON. http://mcnally.ca/tunneling-projects/western-beaches-tunnel-toronto/#:~:text=Project%20Outline,pump%20station%20at%20Strachan%20Avenue.</ref>.]]

[[File:Western beaches storage tunnel.jpg|400px|thumb|right|The 4km long West Beaches Storage Tunnel in Toronto stores and treats combined sewer overflows and stormwater to prevent untreated sewage from entering Lake Ontario. It is a grey infrastructure solution which helps prevent localized flooding by collecting and storing water and uses [[sedimentation]] and UV disinfection to improve water quality (McNally, 2017) <ref>McNally. 2017. Western Beaches Tunnel – Toronto, ON. http://mcnally.ca/tunneling-projects/western-beaches-tunnel-toronto/#:~:text=Project%20Outline,pump%20station%20at%20Strachan%20Avenue.</ref>.]]

[[File:FEMA P-259 Engineering Principles and Practices for Retrofitting Flood-Prone Residential Structures Structure protected by levee and floodwall 520px (1).png|300px|thumb|right|Floodwall and levee protects building from flood water (Reduce Flood Risk, 2022)<ref>Reduce Flood Risk. 2022. Construct a floodwall barrier. https://www.reducefloodrisk.org/mitigation/construct-a-floodwall-barrier/</ref>.]]

[[File:FEMA P-259 Engineering Principles and Practices for Retrofitting Flood-Prone Residential Structures Structure protected by levee and floodwall 520px (1).png|400px|thumb|right|Floodwall and levee protects building from flood water (Reduce Flood Risk, 2022)<ref>Reduce Flood Risk. 2022. Construct a floodwall barrier. https://www.reducefloodrisk.org/mitigation/construct-a-floodwall-barrier/</ref>.]]

Effective flood mitigation strategies fall into three categories: grey infrastructure (traditional engineered solutions), green infrastructure (nature-based solutions), and grey-green hybrids. Cities typically combine measures based on local flood risks, scale, and desired co-benefits such as water quality improvement and urban cooling.

Effective flood mitigation strategies fall into three categories: grey infrastructure (traditional engineered solutions), green infrastructure (nature-based solutions), and grey-green hybrids. Cities typically combine measures based on local flood risks, scale, and desired co-benefits such as water quality improvement and urban cooling.