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→Literature Review
Review examples of where LID practices with quantity control components have been used for achieving flood control
Review examples of where LID practices with quantity control components have been used for achieving flood control
===Example 1: Costco Distribution Centre===
Costco Distribution Centre located within Block 59, Vaughan. The site has 26.4 ha and the land use is commercial site with an average site imperviousness of approximately 90%;
Costco Distribution Centre located within Block 59, Vaughan. The site has 26.4 ha and the land use is commercial site with an average site imperviousness of approximately 90%;
#Final design required both LIDs to reduce the overall runoff volumes, but also sub-surface storage chambers to provide quantity control for rare storm events up to the 100-year design storm. Due to large area required for truck parking, limited opportunities for more landscaping to promote [[evapotranspiration]], runoff volumes increased beyond ability of LIDs to negate the need for quantity control.
#Final design required both LIDs to reduce the overall runoff volumes, but also sub-surface storage chambers to provide quantity control for rare storm events up to the 100-year design storm. Due to large area required for truck parking, limited opportunities for more landscaping to promote [[evapotranspiration]], runoff volumes increased beyond ability of LIDs to negate the need for quantity control.
===Example 2. West Gormley, Town of Richmond Hill===
Residential development consisting of low and medium density land-use is implemented on the site. Average site imperviousness is approximately 60%;
Residential development consisting of low and medium density land-use is implemented on the site. Average site imperviousness is approximately 60%;
#Even with favorable soils and maximum use of infiltration techniques, site still requires quantity control storage for large storm events.
#Even with favorable soils and maximum use of infiltration techniques, site still requires quantity control storage for large storm events.
===Example 3: 3775-4005 Dundas St West (includes 2-6 Humber Hill Ave), Toronto===
The size of the site is 0.53 ha. The site currently developed as commercial and residential. Proposed high rise (11-storeys) residential building with 3 levels of underground parking Proposed average site imperviousness is 90% (excluding uncontrolled buffer area 0.22 ha)
The size of the site is 0.53 ha. The site currently developed as commercial and residential. Proposed high rise (11-storeys) residential building with 3 levels of underground parking Proposed average site imperviousness is 90% (excluding uncontrolled buffer area 0.22 ha)
#Final design required both LIDs to reduce the overall runoff volumes, but also sub-surface storage chambers to provide quantity control to meet municipal requirements.
#Final design required both LIDs to reduce the overall runoff volumes, but also sub-surface storage chambers to provide quantity control to meet municipal requirements.
#Due to underground parking limited opportunities for infiltration LIDs but used green roof to promote evapotranspiration, and cistern to reduce runoff volumes.
#Due to underground parking limited opportunities for infiltration LIDs but used green roof to promote evapotranspiration, and cistern to reduce runoff volumes.
===Example 4: Honda Canada Head Office===
The headquarters of Honda Canada is located at 180 Honda Boulevard in Markham, Ontario. The 17.9 ha catchment is divided up into three subcatchments with separate outlets: west (6.3 ha, 53% impervious), Northeast (5.4 ha, 55% impervious), Southeast (6.4 ha, 83% impervious). Overall site imperviousness is 64%. LID practices replaced the need for a stormwater pond, allowing the facility to maintain a large sports field in the northeast portion of the site.
'''Stormwater Management Criteria'''
Quantity Control – meet 100 year storm
Quality Control – 80% TSS Removal;
Water Balance – on site retention of first 5 mm of rainfall
Stream erosion control, 25mm storm released over 72 hours, on-site retention of the first 5mm of rainfall
'''Stormwater Management Strategy'''
#The primary practices to achieve on-site runoff retention and peak flow attenuation include a series of large gravel trenches with underdrains (mostly in the SE catchment), a 636 m3 cistern draining water from a 2.4 hectare roof, a small dry pond, permeable pavers and surface swales.
#Underdrain in the trenches is raised 0.15 m off the native soil to provide quality and water balance control through infiltration. Trees and vegetation on top of the gravel filled trenches help reduce runoff through evapotranspiration.
#Underdrain is undersized to increase detention times during flood events. Orifice controls are installed in the downstream sewer to control release rates.
#An automated irrigation system for the playing field and vegetated areas draws stored water from the rainwater cistern to increase capacity during storm events. Outside of the growing season, rainwater from the cistern drains directly to a dry pond which provides temporary storage and release.
==Data Analysis/Modelling==
==Data Analysis/Modelling==